Deck 2: Culture and the Primary Socialization Process

Question 1

When the concept of culture emerged in 18th-century Europe, it was associated with the process of cultivation or improvement, as in agriculture or horticulture.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Artifacts are things created by humans, usually for a practical purpose.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Cultural space refers to an artifact, sign, or nonverbal behavior that reflects something meaningful to individuals in a particular context.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Enculturation is the term used to refer to the process of learning how to behave in ways that are considered appropriate in one's culture.

Question 5

Enculturation ends when individuals reach puberty.

Question 6

Through language and cultural socialization we internalize our primary cultural beliefs, values, norms, and worldviews, to varying degrees.

Question 7

Peripheral beliefs relate to one's personal perceptions and tastes.

Question 8

Values are shared ideas about what is right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, kind or cruel, or important and unimportant.

Question 9

Individuals are born with a worldview that provides a vision of life.

Question 10

Religious (and non-religious) worldviews related to sin, mortality, and the afterlife can affect how people lead their lives.

Question 11

Jews and Christians believe it is possible to ascend through the orders of reincarnation, achieve liberation from the cycle of rebirth, and be reunited with the Divine Power.

Question 12

Religious beliefs can influence one's perception of time.

Question 13

Shared expectations of appropriate behaviors are referred to as cultural norms.

Question 14

A register refers to a pre-existing knowledge structure for interpreting event sequences in a cultural schema.

Question 15

Social sanctions are the steps taken in a society to enforce cultural norms.

Question 16

Honorifics are expressions of respect.

Question 17

A subculture refers to a group of people of the same descent who share a common culture passed on through generations.

Question 18

Discourse communities share linguistically distinct varieties of a language.

Question 19

Ethnorelativism refers to the assumption that cultures can only be understood relative to one another and it is imperative that we accept all cultural differences as 'good'.

Question 20

Benedict Anderson's notion of 'imagined community' suggests that the idea of a national culture and identity is fully understood and shared by all members of that nation.

Question 21

Discuss early definitions and understandings of culture.

Question 22

Identify the functions of culture.

Question 23

Explain and discuss four characteristics of culture.

Question 24

Briefly explain the language and cultural socialization process.

Question 25

Define and give three examples of subcultures/co-cultures.

Question 26

Define and provide an example of cultural beliefs, values, and worldviews.

Question 27

Explain what is meant by a 'cultural script' and provide a detailed example.

Question 28

Define the term 'speech community' and discuss its relationship to enculturation.

Question 29

Explain what is meant by an ethnorelative mindset and provide three examples of eth-norelative behavior.

Question 30

In the late 1800s, the notion of 'high culture' was linked to __________.

A) folk culture
B) popular culture
C) fine paintings and classical music
D) the habits of the masses

Question 31

Socialization refers to______________.

A) enculturation
B) the process by which humans internalize the behavioral norms that are prevalent in society
C) the process of learning how to behave in ways deemed appropriate in a particular cultural context
D) all of the above

Question 32

Beliefs are___________________.

A) the basic assumptions we make about ourselves, about others in the world, and about how we expect life to be
B) a set of learned interpretations that serve as a basis for cultural members to decide what is and what is not logical and correct
C) a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 33

Core beliefs may relate to_________.

A) health and wellness
B) religion
C) ideas that are strongly held and difficult to change
D) all of the above

Question 34

A superstition is ________________.

A) a belief or practice which has no rational basis
B) a non-scientific belief that may be changed through education
C) a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 35

Valence refers to __________.

A) the importance of a particular value for an individual
B) the strength of one's beliefs
C) the positive or negative nature of a particular value
D) one's sense of ethics

Question 36

Worldviews ______________.

A) are philosophical ideas about the nature of humanity
B) consist of people's orientation toward God, the universe, and nature
C) serve as a filter to help people make sense of life
D) all of the above

Question 37

Culturally shared traditions are ______________.

A) customs or rituals that have been passed down from one generation to another
B) influenced by one's core beliefs and values
C) a and b
D) neither a nor b

Question 38

Cultural norms are________________.

A) learned in particular sociocultural and linguistic contexts
B) shared understandings of how one should behave in certain situations
C) rules of behavior that govern one's actions in a particular cultural context
D) all of the above

Question 39

A cultural schema is _________________.

A) the view that beliefs, value systems, and social practices are culturally relative
B) a mental structure in which our understandings of the world are organized so that we can function efficiently in a particular cultural environment
C) the plan that we follow when we move into an unfamiliar cultural scene
D) the ordering of cultural information

Question 40

A cultural script ___________.

A) may entail cultural rules of speaking
B) is a type of schema
C) offers insight into localized behaviors but is not a prescription for real-life interactions
D) all of the above

Question 41

The social construct of 'race' ______________.

A) has varied over time and across cultures
B) is now a politically charged, controversial term
C) developed from attempts to categorize people
D) all of the above

Question 42

Our heritage refers to____________.

A) our inborn biological traits
B) rituals, special foods, and dress linked to our ancestors
C) our ties to the dominant culture
D) membership in our community

Question 43

Miranda is a member of Generation Z. This means she is affiliated with ______.

A) an ethnic group
B) a racial group
C) a subculture
D) a religious group

Question 44

Sven and Marc belong to the same speech community. They_______.

A) use the same variety of a language
B) share a basic understanding of the rules for speaking and interpreting speech in the language that is used in their community
C) generally have an idea about norms for how and when to speak in certain situations in their context
D) all of the above

Question 45

Groups with whom one feels no emotional ties are ___________.

A) outgroups
B) ingroups
C) ethnic groups
D) racial groups

Question 46

The notion of 'culture as relative' refers to _______________.

A) the belief that a culture may only be truly understood in relation to another
B) the idea that culture becomes visible when differences become evident in intercultural interactions
C) the belief that a culture can really only be understood when reference is made to another
D) all of the above

Question 47

Eliza has an ethnocentric mindset. This means that ______________.

A) she believes that her group's standards are the best, and she judges all other groups in relation to hers
B) she is open to other ways of being
C) she displays the respect that is necessary for positive intercultural relations
D) she refrains from making snap judgments about unfamiliar practices

Question 48

The notion that culture is 'a process not a thing' implies that _______________.

A) what we call our 'own' culture is complete and understood by other group members
B) what we call our 'own' culture is fragmentary and subjective
C) what we call our 'own' culture is objective
D) what we call our 'own' culture is not dependent on our experience

Question 49

Power relations refers to ____________________.

A) a system of ideas which promotes the interests of all groups
B) unequal relations between individuals or groups
C) equal relations between individuals or groups
D) power that is shared between individuals or groups