Deck 6: Self-Conscious Emotions

Question 1

Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions is not true?

A)They emerge later in development than ""basic"" emotions
B)They depend on the individual having a self-concept
C)None of the self-conscious emotions have an accompanying expression
D)They most likely evolved for the management of social relationships

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What are the names for the form of envy that encourages self-improvement and the form of envy that involves bitterness and resentment, respectively?

A)Promotional envy; relational envy
B)Incremental envy; fixed envy
C)Incidental envy; fundamental envy
D)Benign envy; malicious envy

Answer 2

D

Question 3

How does Heider's ""balance theory"" relate to envy?

A)The theory suggests that emotions experienced by two people will tend to achieve an equilibrium. Thus, if one person expresses hubris, the other will express envy
B)The theory suggests that if two people are highly similar, they will be more likely to experience jealousy. If they are very different in terms of their abilities and interests, they will be more likely to experience envy
C)The theory suggests that people expect similar outcomes for similar people; if two people are similar but have different outcomes, one is perceived as having an unfair advantage and the other will experience envy
D)The theory suggests that if a person perceives that another individual has a desirable object/circumstance due to hard work rather than luck, they will be more likely to experience envy

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Sometimes observing that another person has something you want and experiencing envy can motivate you to pursue that goal. If this happens, how are you likely to feel towards the other person?

A)You will probably like and admire them despite feeling frustrated
B)You will probably resent them for having the desired object and wish for their failure
C)You will probably dislike the person until you achieve your goal and are equals with them, at which point you will like them
D)You will probably feel dominant towards the person and express hubris as a way to improve your perceived social status

Question 5

Which self-conscious emotion involves a three-person/entity dynamic?

A)Jealousy
B)Envy
C)Embarrassment
D)Guilt

Question 6

What is true about many laypeople's understanding of jealousy and envy?

A)Although many people use the words incorrectly in everyday conversation, the associated feelings and events they describe can clearly be separated into instances of envy or jealousy
B)When asked to describe the feeling states associated with envy and jealousy, people tend to report that they feel distinct
C)People tend to use the word ""envy"" when they really mean ""jealousy,"" and this is because envy is probably a special case of the emotion state called jealousy
D)Both A and B are true
E)All of the above are true

Question 7

What major difference between males and females is thought to be at the root of sex differences in jealousy, according to some evolutionary theorists (e.g., Buss et al., 1992)?

A)Females typically begin puberty earlier than males
B)Females go through menopause while males do not
C)Males can be cuckolded while females need a mate who will reliably support and protect offspring
D)Males tend to be stronger than females, while females tend to be more social

Question 8

According to an evolutionary perspective on jealousy (e.g., Daly & Wilson, 1983), what threats to relationships should females (1) and males (2) care most about?

A)1: Their partner's sexual promiscuity; 2: their partner's emotional infidelity
B)1: Their partner's emotional infidelity; 2: their partner's sexual promiscuity
C)1: Their partner's attraction to older rivals; 2: their partner's attraction to younger rivals
D)1: Their partner's attraction to younger rivals; 2: their partner's attraction to older rivals

Question 9

What findings by Buss et al. (1992) does DeSteno and Salovey's (1996) double-shot hypothesis attempt to explain away?

A)Men are attracted to women with a high hip-to-waist ratio, while women are attracted to men with a high shoulder-to-hip ratio
B)Men get more upset when they think about their romantic partner's sexual infidelity, while women react more negatively to thoughts of their partner's emotional infidelity
C)Both men and women are more upset by thoughts of repeated sexual infidelity compared to one-time sexual infidelity; only men, however, are upset by a single instance of emotional infidelity
D)As gender equality increases within a culture, gender differences in jealousy and mate preference tend to decrease

Question 10

What does DeSteno and Salovey's (1996) double-shot hypothesis say about previously demonstrated gender differences in jealousy?

A)Women find emotional infidelity more upsetting because they assume it implies sexual infidelity as well, whereas men typically do not make such an assumption
B)Evolutionarily, women have to both give birth and nurse infants, and this greater investment means they should be more likely to experience jealousy in general
C)Men assume sex is always accompanied by emotional attachment, which is why they find sexual infidelity more upsetting
D)The findings of gender differences in jealousy disappear when the rival for the mate's attention is described as sharing characteristics with the person imagining the infidelity

Question 11

According to evolutionary theory, what characteristics in males and females signal high mate value (e.g., Dijkstra & Buunk, 2001)?

A)Signs of emotional jealousy in females and sexual jealousy in males
B)Social dominance in females and youth in males
C)Signs of fertility in females and access to resources in males
D)High social status in females and signs of a nurturing personality in males

Question 12

Tesser's self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) model has been applied to the domain of jealousy. What prediction did it generate?

A)The experience of jealousy depends on whether one's relationship partner seems to be physically attracted to the rival
B)People tend to be most jealous of rivals who are extremely different from them because they can offer new resources and characteristics to the relationship partner
C)Once an individual's relationship partner has expressed interest in a rival, jealousy will lead the individual to seek a new relationship partner
D)The amount of jealousy an individual experiences will depend on how much the rival excels in a domain that is personally important to the individual

Question 13

What social cognitive processes are central in the self-evaluation maintenance (SEM) account of jealousy?

A)Comparison processes
B)Reflective processes
C)Mentalizing processes
D)Reactance processes

Question 14

Alexa and Missy are both junior high school students. They have similarly strong GPAs, write for their school newspaper, and play soccer. Missy makes the Varsity soccer team, but Alexa only makes Junior Varsity, to her great disappointment. Alexa feels that Missy had an unfair advantage because her aunt coaches the soccer team, and starts to spread rumors about it to the other players. What emotion is Alexa demonstrating?

A)Hubris
B)Malicious envy
C)Suspicious jealousy
D)Benign envy

Question 15

Which of the following statements is accurate about envy?

A)People tend to envy those who are higher-status on many dimensions, not just in terms of their possession of the envied object/circumstance
B)People tend to envy those who are similar to them in most ways other than the possession of the envied object/circumstance
C)People tend to envy those who are lower-status in every way except in their possession of the envied object/circumstance
D)People envy anyone who is generally unlikeable, regardless of what desirable object/circumstance they possess

Question 16

Fill in the following blanks, in order: Pride facilitates the attainment of status through ____, while hubris involves _____.

A)Aggression; friendliness
B)Appeasement; resource maintenance
C)Competence; dominance
D)Arrogance; positive self-esteem

Question 17

Relatively late in development, children begin to evaluate how attractive, shy, intelligent, or poor they are in contrast to other people. What is this behavior called?

A)Social comparison
B)Self-evaluation
C)Self-awareness
D)Self-consciousness

Question 18

Which of the following emotions is most accurately described as a social comparison emotion, rather than a self-evaluative emotion?

A)Guilt
B)Envy
C)Shame
D)Pride

Question 19

What is a key difference between guilt and shame?

A)The facial expressions associated with each emotion state are universally different, with shame involving more blushing and guilt involving more smiling
B)Guilt follows from an appraisal that one's behavior is to blame for harming someone else, while shame follows from an appraisal that the entire self is to blame
C)Guilt tends to lead to complete social withdrawal and a feeling of hopelessness, while shame often leads to attempts to repair damage and alter future behavior
D)The cognitive appraisals that result in shame involve counterfactual thinking, while the appraisals that result in guilt do not
E)All of the above

Question 20

Nina borrows her sister's laptop without asking and then leaves it behind at a coffee shop. When she realizes what she has done, she feels hopeless and thinks to herself, ""I am a worthless, bad, and thoughtless person."" She then avoids talking to her sister for several days. What emotion best fits this description?

A)Embarrassment
B)Malicious guilt
C)Guilt
D)Shame

Question 21

""If only I hadn't driven home drunk, I wouldn't have lost my license"" is an example of what type of cognition?

A)Metacognition
B)Hindsight bias
C)Counterfactual thinking
D)Social comparison

Question 22

What is the primary function of guilt and shame, according to most theorists?

A)Motivating the individual to maintain a positive self-presentation
B)Rewarding behavior that advances the individual's status in the social group
C)Nurturing and strengthening close relationships
D)Regulating moral behavior and enforcing social norms

Question 23

Which of the following is not a consequence of guilt that has been observed in studies?

A)Guilt makes people more generous to those they have wronged
B)The feeling of guilt results in heightened empathy for others
C)Experiencing guilt causes people to engage in more upstanding behavior, such as showing self-constraint and avoiding self-indulgence
D)Both A and B are documented consequences of guilt
E)All of the above are documented consequences of guilt

Question 24

Public harm to the presented self and disrupting the performance of social scripts are associated with which self-conscious emotion?

A)Embarrassment
B)Shame
C)Guilt
D)Hubris

Question 25

Which of the following is not a feature of the typical events that trigger embarrassment?

A)The event tends to be more trivial compared to those that elicit shame
B)The event involves no potential or real loss of self-esteem
C)The events usually occur in public, when there is a real or perceived audience
D)The eliciting event tends to be unexpected and surprising
E)All of the above are features of typical embarrassment-inducing events

Question 26

Omar is feeling a particular self-conscious emotion. His expression of this emotion follows a fairly stereotypical pattern of facial expressions and gestures. The expression communicates appeasement to those around him, causing them to like him more and helping him regain his sense of place in the group. What emotion was Omar experiencing?

A)Guilt
B)Shame
C)Embarrassment
D)Pride

Question 27

How is hubris different from pride?

A)Hubris is associated with more positive social behaviors, such as helping others and being a good team player
B)Pride involves satisfaction with a particular behavior, while hubris involves satisfaction with the self in general
C)Pride is associated with a tendency towards aggression and hostility, while hubris is associated with increased self-esteem
D)People who regularly experience pride tend to be socially shunned, whereas people who experience hubris are well liked

Question 28

Which of the following self-conscious emotions currently has the most evidence for involving a universal expression?

A)Guilt
B)Jealousy
C)Envy
D)Pride

Question 29

What is a hypothesized social function of pride?

A)Pride communicates success and access to resources, ensuring the person's status within the group
B)Pride is perceived negatively by others, so it is thought to punish others who have fewer resources
C)Since pride is more often expressed by non-dominant humans, it is likely a way to create an illusion of power and resources that do not actually exist
D)Pride increases aggression in the person, allowing them to achieve status by dominating others

Question 30

Developmental psychologist Michael Lewis identified which two distinct stages in children's development of embarrassment?

A)1) Basic embarrassment, which is an innate biological state, 2. self-conscious embarrassment, which arises when they have a sense of self
B)1) Physical embarrassment, which occurs when they commit a physical transgression like tripping, and 2. social embarrassment, when they commit a social transgression like going into the wrong bathroom
C)1) Exposure embarrassment when they are the center of attention, 2. evaluation embarrassment, when they do something poorly
D)1) Public embarrassment, when they transgress social norms in public, and 2. private embarrassment, when they transgress those norms in private