Deck 9: Minority Status Age, Gender, and Sexuality

Question 1

Anatomy, genes, and hormones affect human behavior.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Gender roles are learned instinctively.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Imitation and reinforcement are some ways in which gender roles are learned.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

People are not socially differentiated according to their age.

Question 5

The elderly have a high status in modern industrial societies.

Question 6

Depression and feelings of social isolation complicate the lives of the elderly.

Question 7

The new roles women are expected to play are clearcut.

Question 8

Conditioning, imitation, and self definition are stages of disengagement.

Question 9

Women earn less than men because they are not heads of families.

Question 10

Most American women are interested in a reversal of sex roles.

Question 11

Ageism is an ideology that maintains the superiority of the old against the young.

Question 12

Senescence is the process of growing old.

Question 13

A female is born when an ovum bearing the X chromosome is fertilized by a sperm bearing a Y chromosome.

Question 14

An increase in testosterone produces an increase in aggressive behavior and sex drive.

Question 15

Margaret Mead concluded that culture is solely responsible for gender roles.

Question 16

Even in industrial and postindustrial societies, gender roles reflect a society's agricultural past.

Question 17

Behavioral scientists admit that in sex role socialization there may be biological predispositions that prompt specific behaviors.

Question 18

One out of every four women experience clinical depression at least once in their lives.

Question 19

Age is an ascribed characteristic according to which people are assigned a status in society.

Question 20

Many of the problems associated with old age are the result of disease, abuse, and disuse.

Question 21

The higher the social status of a worker, the more job satisfaction he or she enjoys, and the later the age of retirement tends to be.

Question 22

A majority of the elderly live with their middle-aged children.

Question 23

Today, death is considered an out-of-the-ordinary event and is understood in very negative terms, unlike in previous historical eras when it was considered a natural concomitant of life.

Question 24

By the year 2050, those 65 years old and older will comprise almost 25 percent of the population of the United States.

Question 25

Maleness and femaleness are gender roles.

Question 26

Hormones play an irrelevant role in the development of the sexes.

Question 27

A study of male identical twins, one of whom had been castrated by accident during circumcision and treated as a little girl until puberty, showed that:

A) the castrated male still acted like a tomboy
B) the intact twin gradually became more "feminine"
C) the castrated twin was tidier than his brother, but never played with dolls
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 28

The hormones involved in the development of sex characteristics are:

A) phlogiston and progesterone
B) progesterone and testosterone
C) estrogen and amalyase
D) progesterone and estrogen
E) none of the above

Question 29

The basic assertion of ageism is that:

A) the young are superior to the old
B) the old are superior to the young
C) there is a smooth transfer of roles between the old and the young
D) work is best left to those who can do it

Question 30

Males are conceived with which of the following chromosome configurations?

A) XY
B) XX
C) XXX
D) YYY

Question 31

Males:

A) have a lower birthrate than females
B) live longer than females
C) are more prone to aggressiveness than females
D) are less likely to die violently
E) all of the above

Question 32

The hormone associated with male traits and aggression is:

A) testosterone
B) estrogen
C) premarin
D) progesterone

Question 33

Mead's work in New Guinea indicated that:

A) biology totally controls social role behavior
B) all tribes in her study stressed male aggression and hostility
C) sex role behavior is conditioned differently in different cultures
D) men are men and women are women everywhere

Question 34

Studies other than Mead's show that:

A) in most cultures males are more aggressive than females
B) there is no pattern to aggressive behavior in either males or females
C) biology is totally unimportant in sex role behavior
D) aggression is strictly socially learned

Question 35

The subordinate position of women in decision making may result from:

A) the instrumental role assumed by males
B) women being less intelligent than men
C) the choice of women as leaders
D) women's modesty

Question 36

When parents give rewards for certain sex role behavior, the process is called conditioning, and is the basis for:

A) the social learning theory
B) initiation
C) self definition
D) bribing

Question 37

According to the cognitive development theory, children learn gender roles according to:

A) instinct
B) attempt to elicit parental approval
C) which stage of cognitive development they have reached
D) biology

Question 38

The female role as a passive and domestic creature may be conditioned by:

A) children's picture books
B) stress on male sports in school
C) TV ads showing women as domestics
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 39

Gender assignment is based on:

A) biological sex only
B) sexuality only
C) social expectations only
D) a combination of biology and socialization

Question 40

The "feminization of poverty" refers to:

A) the fact that most men are rich
B) an equal number of men and women being poor now
C) the fact that female-headed households are usually poor
D) the fact that women are more blessed than men, in spite of poverty

Question 41

Feminist theory has borrowed much of the ideas of:

A) psychology
B) conflict and Marxist theories
C) the ideology that tries to rationalize women's low position in society
D) The Feminine Mystique

Question 42

Women throughout the world:

A) lack parity with men in salaries
B) are concentrated in women's work
C) have a high rate of poverty
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 43

There is no conclusive evidence that differences in the behavior of the two genders are due to:

A) anatomical differences
B) hormonal differences
C) chromosomal differences
D) environmental differences
E) all of the above

Question 44

Ageism in the United States is rationalized by stereotyping the elderly as:

A) senile
B) slow
C) unpleasant to look at
D) none of the above
E) all of the above

Question 45

Disengagement refers to:

A) aged persons maintaining their regular social roles
B) aged persons abandoning their regular roles so that younger people may assume them
C) a period before retirement
D) a pleasant interlude for the elderly

Question 46

Sex stereotypes are traditionally found in:

A) books
B) movies
C) segregation of boys and girls in certain activities
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 47

Secondary sex characteristics:

A) are anatomical differences between men and women
B) develop when specific hormones are introduced into an organism
C) are mental differences between men and women
D) none of the above
E) are BOTH anatomical and hormonally-induced

Question 48

Sex roles are:

A) behavioral norms into which males and females are socialized
B) behavioral norms into which only males are socialized
C) equivalent to macho roles
D) what women are attempting to throw off

Question 49

Discrimination against the elderly has been especially apparent in the area of:

A) creditworthiness
B) employment
C) retirement
D) hospitalization

Question 50

It has been found that disengagement is usually:

A) very voluntary
B) never forced
C) often forced
D) rarely enforced

Question 51

The elderly are a minority because they:

A) are a small percentage of the population
B) are physically weak
C) lack power
D) cannot defend themselves

Question 52

The most obvious effect of sexism on women has been that they:

A) have become passive and accepting of the status quo
B) have been denied alternatives to the roles of wives and mothers
C) have become masculine since they joined the work force
D) realized that motherhood had fewer satisfactions than a career

Question 53

Persons set apart for differential treatment include:

A) those affected by physical and mental disabilities
B) the rich and famous
C) homosexuals
D) none of the above
E) BOTH the disabled AND those with same-sex preferences

Question 54

Ageism asserts that:

A) wisdom accompanies advancing age
B) each stage of life has its own rewards
C) the young are superior to the old
D) life begins at forty

Question 55

The experience of loss, or impending loss, of a person to whom one is close is called:

A) disengagement
B) displacement
C) bequeathment
D) bereavement

Question 56

It is fairly certain that male and female brains:

A) are functionally identical
B) differ in left-right communication
C) distribute sensory functions differently
D) differ in size, weight, and capacity
E) none of the above

Question 57

In his book, The Inevitability of Patriarchy, Steven Goldberg asserts that:

A) matriarchal societies have never existed
B) men perform the highest status non-maternal roles in all societies
C) men dominate male-female relationships
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 58

From the dawn of history through the development of agriculture:

A) men and women participated in a sex-based division of labor
B) human infants and their mothers had to be protected
C) males were assigned hunting and other dangerous tasks
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 59

Structured inequality of gender roles:

A) has been with humans from the dawn of culture
B) began with hunting and gathering societies
C) has its origins in agricultural communities
D) is peculiar to industrial societies

Question 60

Women first assumed subordinate roles when they:

A) stayed home when men hunted
B) ceased to gather the majority of the food supply
C) assumed primary child-care responsibilities
D) left home to gather food

Question 61

American gender role socialization research has concluded that almost all children know their sex and how each sex is to behave by the age of:

A) one or two
B) three or four
C) five or six
D) six or seven

Question 62

Identification theory is based on the ideas of:

A) Freud
B) Cooley
C) Mead
D) Erikson

Question 63

Male dominance is expressed:

A) in spite of ours being an egalitarian society
B) by the frequent instances of sexual harassment on the job
C) for the lack of wage parity
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 64

The most pernicious aspect of sexist ideology is:

A) the belief that the sexes differ by nature
B) that men are superior in certain activities
C) that men are basically superior by nature
D) the pervasiveness of the ideology

Question 65

Women are a minority group insofar as:

A) they are treated unequally and are aware of their minority status
B) they are residentially segregated
C) they control few resources
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 66

The media present gender roles:

A) realistically
B) according to a Victorian model
C) stereotypically
D) idealistically

Question 67

Which statement appears to be most correct:

A) gender roles have been reversed
B) in a marriage, spousal roles are egalitarian
C) housekeeping and childcare are still considered women's work
D) sex roles are blurred

Question 68

In the case of the male twin castrated during circumcision:

A) he was content living as a female
B) he behaved as a little girl once he was given female hormones
C) in spite of attempted socialization as a female, he was unhappy in his gender
D) his case proves that nurture is stronger than nature

Question 69

Women's rate of diagnosed depression is:

A) twice as high as men's
B) half that of men
C) the same as men's
D) similar in duration to that of men

Question 70

By 2009, what proportion of women were in managerial and administrative positions?

A) 20%
B) 12.%
C) 34.1
D) 4%
E) less than 1%

Question 71

By advocating the acquisition of "more androgynous roles" by both men and women, what is meant is that:

A) bisexuality should be the norm
B) we should adopt passive roles
C) we should adopt blurred, ill-defined roles
D) we should combine male and female sex-typed traits

Question 72

The view that the elderly lack social and material resources to reciprocate in relationships and consequently occupy a subservient status is the point of:

A) activity theory
B) disengagement theory
C) exchange theory
D) modernization theory
E) interactionist theory

Question 73

What percentage of elderly Americans experience mild memory loss?

A) 70%
B) 56%
C) 39%
D) 23%
E) 10%

Question 74

As of 1997, what percentage of those 75 to 85 years old lived in nursing homes?

A) less than 20%
B) about 10%
C) 29%
D) 4.5%

Question 75

The trend toward early retirement seems to be:

A) irreversible
B) the inevitable outcome of modernization
C) a reasonable response to the declining intellectual performance that occurs after age 55
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 76

Retirement's negative effects are felt most strongly by:

A) upper-class men and service workers
B) women in general and lower-class workers
C) middle-class men and lower-class women
D) none of the above

Question 77

In 2008, what percentage of elderly Americans' total income came from Social Security?

A) 22 percent
B) 40 percent
C) 98 percent
D) 59 percent

Question 78

Alzheimer's disease and other neurological diseases affect approximately how many elderly Americans?

A) 2.5 million
B) 20 million
C) 100 million
D) 1 million

Question 79

Which groups are hardest hit by the death of a spouse?

A) The more elderly widowers
B) Women who derived their identity from being someone's wife
C) Women living in large cities, those with small incomes, and those who are fairly young
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 80

In modern society, to some extent, death has acquired a sense of:

A) meaninglessness
B) ordinariness
C) unnaturalness
D) appropriateness