Deck 3: Physiological Influences on Psychology

Question 1

Identify the early physiologists who made substantial contributions to the mapping of brain functions and describe the methods and findings of each.

Answer 1

Answer not provided.

Question 2

Describe Müller's doctrine of the specific energies of nerves.Why was it so important to the early years of modern psychology?

Answer 2

Answer not provided.

Question 3

Whose research would support the argument that there is no such thing as objective observation?​

A)​Maskelyne's
B)Bessel's
C)​Locke's
D)Muller's
E)Wundt's

Answer 3

Bessel's

Question 4

​Why was David Kinnebrook fired?

A)​He dated,but did not marry,the daughter of his boss.
B)His observations differed from the observations of his boss.
C)​He was incompetent.
D)He was never able to learn to use the equipment correctly.
E)None of the choices are correct.​

Question 5

​Bessel began the study of individual differences in perception by noting that ____.

A)​humans differ in the speed with which they react to a loud sound
B)animals,such as dogs,have a wider range for hearing sounds than do humans
C)​time space must be measured in relative units
D)astronomers differed in their time estimates in measuring the transit of a star
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 6

Until the work of ____,experimentation was not the preferred method in physiology.​

A)​Galileo
B)Newton
C)​J.Müller
D)Broca
E)Wundt

Question 7

Describe the research and findings of Ernst Weber.What was the importance of his work on later physiologists? What was its importance to the new psychology?

Question 8

Johannes Müller's most influential publications was ____.​

A)​The Nervous system of Animals
B)The Senses
C)​The Handbook of the Physiology of Mankind
D)Experimental Methods
E)Interpretation of Dreams

Question 9

​Bessel's discovery had an impact on which of the following sciences?

A)​Psychology
B)Physiology
C)​Biology
D)Astronomy
E)All of the above

Question 10

What contributions led to the description of Helmholtz as "one of the greatest scientists of the 19th century"?

Question 11

"Acts like a chicken with its head cut off" is a description of behavior that has its roots in ____ research.​

A)​Hall's
B)Flouren's
C)​Broca's
D)Fritsch's
E)Helmholtz's

Question 12

The practice of psychosurgery such as prefrontal lobotomies,has its roots in the ____.​

A)​implementation of the experimental method in physiology
B)doctrine of the specific energies of nerves
C)​electrical stimulation method
D)postmortem method
E)extirpation method

Question 13

​Describe the circumstances under which Bessel discovered the importance of the human observer.To what two conclusions did his findings lead? What were the consequences of his work in terms of subsequent developments in early physiology?

Question 14

____ was a pioneer in research on reflex behavior showing that reflexes could occur in the absence of brain involvement.​

A)​Hall
B)Broca
C)​Flourens
D)Galvani
E)Gall

Question 15

Why did experimental psychology begin in Germany rather than in other European countries?

Question 16

Discuss why Fechner's work may have been the necessary precondition for the founding of psychology as a separate discipline.

Question 17

Johannes Müller found that nerves only give information characteristic of the sense associated with it.This means that when an auditory nerve is stimulated,it will result in someone hearing a sound,even when no noise is present.Müller called this ____.​

A)​the doctrine of the specific energies of nerves
B)specificity
C)​neuronal tubule clarity
D)the postmortem method
E)the experimental method in physiology

Question 18

In his research,Flourens localized specific functions to how many brain areas?​

A)​2
B)3
C)​4
D)5
E)6

Question 19

In modern medicine,the cause of a person's dementia typically cannot be determined until autopsy.Thus,____ clinical research method continues to be of significance in medicine and psychology.​

A)​Marshall's
B)Flouren's
C)​Broca's
D)Fritsch's
E)Helmhotz's

Question 20

The ____ method is described as a type of posthumous extirpation.​

A)​experimental
B)clinical
C)​scientific
D)electrical stimulation
E)introspection

Question 21

In the 19th century,the British and French defined science as including ____.​

A)​only physics
B)physiology and medicine only
C)​physics and chemistry only
D)all fields that used the experimental method
E)all areas that took a positivistic approach

Question 22

____ created phrenology,which proposed that the topography of a person's skull revealed his or her intellectual and emotional characteristics.​

A)​Flourens
B)Gall
C)​Spurzheim
D)Broca
E)Hall

Question 23

Why did Helmholtz abandon his research into human reaction times?​

A)​He found differences from one individual to the next.
B)He found differences in the same individual.
C)​He never did any such research on human subjects.
D)He did not abandon this research.
E)He found differences from one individual to the next and he found differences in the same individual.

Question 24

Which of the following was NOT one of the research areas of Helmholtz?​

A)​theory of color vision
B)perception of combination and individual tones
C)​resonance theory of hearing
D)speed of neural impulse
E)All of the choices were research areas of Helmholtz.

Question 25

Who invented the ophthalmoscope?​

A)​Weber
B)Fechner
C)​Helmholtz
D)Cajal
E)Wundt

Question 26

____ produced the theory of cranioscopy.​

A)​Flourens
B)Broca
C)​Spurzheim
D)Gall
E)Hall

Question 27

Helmholtz emphasized a(n)____ approach.​

A)​materialistic and mechanistic
B)deterministic and mentalistic
C)​experimental and mentalistic
D)mechanistic and deterministic
E)materialistic and experimental

Question 28

The representation of the nervous system as a complex switching system reveals the 19th-century reliance on ____.​

A)​mechanism
B)determinism
C)​experimentation
D)materialism
E)mentalism

Question 29

Electrical stimulation as a method of mapping the cerebral cortex was introduced by ____.​

A)​Galvani and Aldini
B)Flourens and Hall
C)​Gall and Spurzheim
D)Broca and Kinnebrook
E)Fritsch and Hitzig

Question 30

The researcher credited with the finding or conclusion that nerve impulses are electrical within the neuron is ____.​

A)​Flourens
B)Galvani
C)​Helmholtz
D)Müller
E)Sherrington

Question 31

​German universities were especially fertile ground for scientific advances because ____.

A)there were only two of them,so each received only the most talented faculty and students​
B)there was academic freedom for students and faculty alike
C)​the British and the French were using unscientific methods to research the mind
D)anyone with independent income could be a gentleman-scientist
E)None of the answers are correct.

Question 32

The "publish or perish" ethic,which is a hallmark of the most prestigious U.S.research universities and colleges,is a direct descendant of the 19th-century ____ universities.​

A)​British
B)French
C)​German
D)Austrian
E)Russian

Question 33

____ systematically destroyed parts of the brain using extirpation.​

A)​Broca
B)Gall
C)​Spurzheim
D)Flourens
E)Fowler

Question 34

In the Unites States,the ____ brothers had a profitable and extensive business selling phrenology readings.​

A)​Ringling
B)Fowler
C)​Barnum
D)Smithson
E)James

Question 35

The most effective criticisms of phrenology came from whom?​

A)​Broca
B)Hall
C)​Spurzheim
D)Fechner
E)Flourens

Question 36

Although he did not develop the theory called phrenology,____ served as its popularizer.​

A)​Gall
B)Spurzheim
C)​Galvani
D)Fritsch
E)Hall

Question 37

One of Helmholtz's particular contributions to psychology was his work on ____.​

A)​vision
B)the skin senses
C)​the conservation of energy
D)geometric axioms
E)mental telegraphy

Question 38

____ discovered,among other things,that the brain had both white and gray matter,and that fiber connect the two halves of the brain.​

A)​Gall
B)Spurzheim
C)​Broca
D)Hall
E)Flourens

Question 39

The method of logic that characterizes psychology and that was favored in Germany of the 19th century was ____.​

A)​the deductive method
B)the inductive method
C)​the experimental method
D)the hypothetico-deductive method
E)structural equation modeling

Question 40

Who discovered the direction of travel of nerve impulses in the brain and spinal cord?​

A)​Flourens
B)Fechner
C)​Helmholtz
D)Cajal
E)Gall

Question 41

​Who developed both the two-point threshold and the concept of the just noticeable difference?

A)Weber​
B)Helmholtz
C)​Fechner
D)Wundt
E)Cajal

Question 42

According to Fechner,the effects of stimulus intensities are not ____ but are ____ to the amount of sensation that already exists.​

A)​equal;related
B)relative;absolute
C)​noticeable;relevant
D)related;equal
E)absolute;relative

Question 43

Fechner's flash of insight about the mind-body connection was that there is a(n)____ relationship between a mental sensation and a material stimulus.​

A)​null
B)quantitative
C)​one-to-one
D)qualitative
E)unobservable

Question 44

As a form of occupational therapy,Fechner ____.​

A)​chopped carrots and turnips
B)made strings and bandages
C)​grinded a sugarloaf into powdered sugar
D)dipped candles
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 45

Fechner proposed two ways to measure the lowest level of a sensation.One was the point of stimulus intensity below which no sensation is reported and above which subjects do experience a sensation;the other was ____.​

A)​whether or not a stimulus is present or absent,sensed or not sensed
B)the point of sensitivity at which the least change in a stimulus results in a change of sensation
C)​the level at which two points of stimulation can be distinguished
D)the smallest difference that can be detected between two physical stimuli
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 46

Weber's Law,the formulation of how much change in a stimulus is required for a subject to detect it,rests on the measurement of the ____.​

A)​threshold of consciousness
B)just noticeable difference
C)​cognizant awareness
D)limen of consciousness
E)method of average error

Question 47

The modern notion of subliminal perception rests on the idea that the threshold of perception or consciousness can be determined.The first experimental illustration of psychological threshold was demonstrated by ____.​

A)​Helmholtz
B)Weber
C)​Fechner
D)Wundt
E)Freud

Question 48

​What is the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli?

A)​absolute threshold
B)doctrine of specific nerve energies
C)​decision threshold
D)just noticeable difference
E)threshold of consciousness

Question 49

​What was the ratio of a weight to its just noticeable difference weight when they were lifted? What was the ratio of a weight to its just noticeable difference weight when the weights were placed in the subject's hands?

A)​1:40;1:30
B)1:30;1:40​
C)​1:40;1:25
D)1:25;1:50
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 50

Which of the following is true of Fechner?​

A)​He taught at Leipzig.
B)He developed the notion of the pleasure principle.​
C)​He seriously damaged his eyes by looking at the sun through colored glasses.
D)He was "cured" of some symptoms by eating spiced raw ham soaked in Rhine wine and lemon juice.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 51

Weber's experiments led to two important contributions: (a)further research and (b)the focus of attention of later physiologists and the new psychology on the development of ____.​

A)​experimental methods for studying mind-body relationships
B)the method of introspection
C)​the application of experimentation to physiological events
D)the field he called "psychophysics"
E)cranioscopy

Question 52

Weber suggested that discrimination among sensations depended on ____.​

A)​audition
B)vision
C)​a constant ratio that would be consistent for all of the senses
D)the absolute difference between two weights
E)the relative difference or ratio between two weights

Question 53

Fechner's most important contribution to psychology was the ____.​

A)​quantification of the mind-body relationship
B)determination that the effect of a stimulus intensity change is relative to the intensity that already exists
C)​determination of the pleasure principle
D)qualitative relationship between a physical stimulus and the mental sensation of it
E)study of the differential threshold

Question 54

After Fechner obtained the very important appointment of professor at the University of Leipzig,he ____.​

A)​became depressed
B)married his fiancé
C)​became angry
D)was "cured" of depression
E)celebrated in an inappropriate manner

Question 55

The point of sensitivity at which the least amount of change in a stimulus gives rise to a change in a sensation is a definition of ____.​

A)​the just noticeable difference
B)the absolute threshold
C)​Weber's Law
D)the differential threshold
E)the stimulus change threshold

Question 56

Fechner wrote satirical essays ridiculing medicine and science under the pen name ____.​

A)​Dr.Weber
B)Dr.Mises
C)​Mr.Misfortune
D)Dr.Kopf
E)Dr.Misfortune

Question 57

Whose major contributions to the new psychology involved the two-point threshold and the just noticeable difference?​

A)​Hermann von Helmholtz
B)Gustav Fechner
C)​Friedrich Bessel
D)Wilhelm Wundt
E)Ernst Weber

Question 58

With regard to the speed of the nerve impulse,perhaps the most important conclusion of Helmholtz's research for psychology was the determination ____.​

A)​that the nerve impulse's speed is 900 feet/second
B)that thought and movement are not simultaneous
C)​of the specific energies of nerves
D)of the nature of harmony
E)of the problem of resonance

Question 59

While euphoric and suffering from delusions of grandeur,Fechner ____.​

A)​had to be hospitalized
B)developed the idea of the pleasure principle
C)​stumbled on the notion of free association
D)ate ham soaked in Rhine wine
E)declared he was Napoleon

Question 60

Who devised a theory of color vision as well as conducted research on audition?

A)​Cajal
B)Fechner
C)​Wundt
D)Helmholtz
E)Weber

Question 61

In the original source material from one of his books,Fechner states that,"____ depends on ____".​

A)​an outer part;an inner part
B)an inner part;an outer part
C)​empirical;metaphysical
D)stimulation;sensation
E)sensation;stimulation

Question 62

The scientific study of the relations between mental and physical processes is a definition of ____.​

A)​psychophysics
B)Wundt's psychology
C)​Weber's Law
D)Fechner's Law
E)cranioscopy

Question 63

Late in his career,Fechner noted that the idea for describing the mind-body relationship ____.​

A)​came in a vision
B)was essentially what Weber's work had shown
C)​had not been suggested to him by Weber's work
D)was inspired by Helmholtz
E)would not have come to him if he hadn't eaten wine-soaked ham

Question 64

Both Hall and Flourens studied localization of function using the method of electrical stimulation.

Question 65

​Psychology was founded by ____.

A)​Helmholtz
B)Weber
C)Fechner
D)Wundt
E)James

Question 66

How did the British empiricists (BritE)and the German physiologists (GerP)differ in their approach to the study of the senses?​

A)​The BritE developed more precise experiments than the GerP to study the senses.
B)The BritE applied mathematics to the study of the senses whereas the Germans did not.
C)​The BritE concentrated on the study of vision and the GerP studied hearing.
D)The BritE studied the senses from the viewpoint of philosophy.The GerP used scientific methods to study the senses.
E)They did not differ.

Question 67

​The royal astronomer of England,Nevil Maskelyne,discovered the phenomenon that is known as the personal equation.

Question 68

According to Fechner in the original source material,"Psychophysics should be understood as an exact theory of the functionally dependent relations of..." ____ and ____.​

A)​soul;body
B)physical world;psychological world
C)​the material;the mental
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 69

In Fechner's Law as one variable increases arithmetically,the other variable increases ____.​

A)​arithmetically
B)geometrically
C)​metaphysically
D)mathematically
E)psychophysically

Question 70

Fechner's work had proved Immanuel Kant wrong when Kant said that ____.​

A)​nothing good ever comes out of Leipzig
B)psychology could never be a science
C)​the brain would never be mapped
D)mental phenomena do not exist
E)sensations reliably reflect the object in the material world

Question 71

Flourens is known for the systematic nature of his extirpation research.​

Question 72

Broca's area was discovered using the extirpation method.

Question 73

The calculation of the mean of a group of scores is the same as Fechner's ____.​

A)​method of limits
B)differential threshold
C)​method of constant stimuli
D)method of average error
E)differential average

Question 74

Physiology did not adopt the experimental method until the 1830s.​

Question 75

The point of sensitivity below which no sensation can be detected and above which sensation can be experienced is a definition of the ____.​

A)​just noticeable difference
B)absolute just noticeable difference
C)​differential threshold
D)differential just noticeable difference
E)absolute threshold

Question 76

____ discovered the law,S = K log R.​

A)​Müller
B)Weber
C)​Helmholtz
D)Fechner
E)Wundt

Question 77

​The original source material on Fechner reproduced in your textbook was taken from the book ____.

A)​Physics and Medicine
B)The Connection between Mind and Body
C)​Dealing with Depression
D)Physics,Physiology,and Psychophysics
E)Elements of Psychophysics

Question 78

​The personal equation is a formula that describes the precise role that each of a person's voluntary behaviors contributes to his or her personality (behavioral style).

Question 79

​The theory of the specific energies of nerves was the work of Johannes Müller.

Question 80

In Fechner's law,S is the ____.​

A)​magnitude of the stimulus
B)duration of the stimulus
C)​intensity of the stimulus
D)magnitude of the sensation
E)duration of the sensation