Deck 9: Behaviorism: Antecedent Influences.

Question 1

What were the specific contributions of Loeb,Washburn,Small,and Turner to animal psychology?

Answer 1

Answer not provided.​

Question 2

Compare and contrast Thorndike's law of effect and Pavlov's law of reinforcement.​

Answer 2

Answer not provided.

Question 3

Watson's approach to structuralism and functionalism was ____.​

A)​conciliatory
B)to reject structuralism but retain aspects of functionalism
C)​to demand a return to pure science
D)an overreaction to the quick popularity of psychoanalysis
E)a revolt

Answer 3

a revolt

Question 4

​The early 20th-century Zeitgeist in science was marked by ____.

A)​behaviorism
B)positivism
C)​functionalism
D)experimentation
E)nihilism

Question 5

For Watson,introspection was ____.​

A)​irrelevant
B)appropriate only for research with normal humans
C)​acceptable as used by Wundt,i.e. ,with systematic observation,controls,and replication
D)acceptable only if performed by exceptionally well-trained observers
E)necessary to the understanding of behavior

Question 6

Identify and describe the three major forces that formed Watson's system of behavioral psychology.What was Watson's position and that of his contemporaries on positivism?​

Question 7

Describe Pavlov's work on conditioning,including his experimental method and the extent to which he attempted to control irrelevant variables.

Question 8

Describe Thorndike's work with cats in the puzzle box,including the nature of the box,what he observed,and the link between the results and his laws of learning.

Question 9

Tell the story of Clever Hans,the clever horse.Who are the main characters and what are their roles? Explain how experimentation was used to determine the source of Hans' cleverness.Who served as the experimenter and what were his/her conclusions?​

Question 10

By the second decade of the 20th century,psychologists agreed on the ____.​

A)​value of introspection
B)existence of mental elements
C)​need for psychology to be a pure science
D)replacement of structuralism by functionalism
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 11

Which of the following terms should be banned from psychology according to behaviorism?​

A)​image
B)mind
C)​consciousness
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 12

Compare and contrast the work of Pavlov on conditioned reflexes and that of Bekhterev on associated reflexes.How did their work influence Watsonian behaviorism?

Question 13

The most important antecedent of Watson's behaviorism was ____.​

A)​evolutionary theory
B)functionalism
C)​positivism
D)animal psychology
E)the anecdotal method

Question 14

​Discuss the ways in which functional psychology influenced behaviorism.

Question 15

For Watson,such subject matter as mind,consciousness,and images was ____.​

A)​meaningless for a science of psychology
B)necessary for human thought
C)​best dealt with by psychoanalysis
D)the necessary starting point for the study of behavior
E)regulated by Pavlov's law of reinforcement

Question 16

What was Twitmyer's contribution to modern psychology? Why is his work so often overlooked?

Question 17

Who argued that consciousness,as a concept,was as unprovable as the concept of the soul?​

A)​Loeb
B)Watson
C)​Pavlov
D)Thorndike
E)Angell

Question 18

​Describe the evolution of animal psychology from Romanes and Morgan to Pavlov and Bekhterev.Why was it difficult to be an animal psychologist in the United States before behaviorism was well established?

Question 19

What were the central tenets of behaviorism as set forth by Watson? How did they differ from the principles and approaches of Wundt and Titchener? Why was the method of introspection unacceptable to Watson?​

Question 20

​For Comte,valid knowledge is that which is ____.

A)​objectively observable
B)social in nature
C)​reliable
D)truthful,as defined by internal observation
E)objectively observable and social in nature

Question 21

​Pfungst demonstrated that the apparent thinking ability of the horse Clever Hans was really due to the animal's ability to respond to ____.

A)​voice commands
B)head movements
C)​touches
D)odors
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 22

Thorndike earned his Ph.D.in 1898 and after 1899 studied ____.

A)​human learning
B)mental testing
C)​educational psychology
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)human learning and mental testing only

Question 23

The case of Clever Hans served to ____.​

A)​illustrate the importance of objective,experimental study of animal behavior with proper control conditions
B)demonstrate transference between animals and humans
C)​refute Lashley's equipotentiality principle
D)focus public attention on introspection by analogy
E)demonstrate the importance of studying both human and animal subjects

Question 24

After The Animal Mind,textbooks on comparative psychology focused on ____.​

A)​reflex behavior
B)respondent conditioning
C)​operant conditioning
D)learning
E)physiology

Question 25

​In Thorndike's early research,he worked with all of the following except ____.

A)​chicks
B)cats
C)​dogs
D)children
E)None of the above.

Question 26

Who wrote a paper on ant behavior that was highly praised by Watson?​

A)​Turner
B)Loeb
C)​Washburn
D)Twitmyer
E)Yerkes

Question 27

The "last stand" of mentalistic interpretations of animal behavior was the text ____ written by ____.​

A)​Animal Intelligence;Thorndike
B)The Animal Mind;Yerkes
C)​The Animal Mind;Washburn
D)Animal Education;Turner
E)Objective Psychology;Bekhterev

Question 28

​An approach to learning termed ____ was developed by Thorndike.

A)​associationism
B)reflexology
C)​instrumental conditioning
D)connectionism
E)reinforcement

Question 29

According to Schultz and Schultz,"Whether dealing with mind or with behavior,it was not easy to be ____."​

A)​a functionalist
B)an experimentalist
C)​a beginning psychologist
D)an animal psychologist
E)a mechanist

Question 30

The particular contribution of Pavlov's work to Watson's behaviorism was Pavlov's ____.​

A)​objective methodology
B)evidence of the feasibility of an objective psychology​
C)​refutation of Dewey's criticisms of the reflex arc concept
D)refutation of the laboratory animal
E)refutation of Thorndike's law of effect

Question 31

For Loeb,if an animal's response is forced by a stimulus,the ____.​

A)​behavior does not need explanation
B)behavior is positivist
C)​behavior requires no inferences about consciousness
D)animal is unable to perceive and discriminate between objects
E)animal is unable to display purposive behavior

Question 32

Watson's dissertation was on ____.​

A)​the conscious experience of rats
B)the conscious experience of toddlers
C)​the latent learning of rats
D)fear conditioning in rats
E)fear conditioning in toddlers

Question 33

Which of the following statements best describes the change that took place in animal psychology following the work of Romanes and Morgan?​

A)​The field became more subjective as methods to study animal consciousness were perfected.
B)The field became more objective as mentalistic terms were dropped from the descriptions of behavior.
C)​The field stopped growing after Angell's 1906 presidential address describing functionalism.
D)The field was growing in popularity in Russia but was never a major part of psychology in the United States.
E)There was no change,the methods of Romanes and Morgan are still widely used today.

Question 34

For Loeb,a tropism is a(n)____.​

A)​involuntary forced movement
B)reflex arc
C)​indication of consciousness
D)reflex
E)toucan

Question 35

​Thorndike's (1898)law of effect is similar to ____.

A)​Pavlov's law of reinforcement
B)Tolman's purposive behaviorism
C)​Guthrie's one-trial learning
D)Jones's behavior modification
E)Wundt's tridimensional feelings

Question 36

Who had a theory of tropisms?​

A)​Bekhterev
B)Watson
C)​Loeb
D)Morgan
E)Twitmyer

Question 37

The white rat and the rat maze became staples of research in psychology in 1900 with the work of ____.

A)Jacques Loeb
B)C.Lloyd Morgan
C)Willard S.Small
D)Carl Lashley
E)John B.Watson

Question 38

​The first doctoral dissertation in psychology to use animal subjects was that of ____.

A)​Washburn
B)Turner
C)​Watson
D)Thorndike
E)Yerkes

Question 39

An early African American researcher in comparative psychology was ____.​

A)​Loeb
B)Bond
C)​Turner
D)James
E)Twitmyer

Question 40

The Animal Mind,the first textbook on comparative psychology,was written by ____.​

A)​Mary Calkins
B)Margaret Washburn
C)​Mary Cover Jones
D)Rosalie Rayner
E)Maude Merrill

Question 41

​Pavlov's work effected a change in focus from ____ to observable physiological events.

A)​introspection
B)subjective speculation about associationism
C)connectionism​
D)determinism
E)mechanism

Question 42

​Thorndike's revision of his law of effect stated that ____.

A)​rewards are unrelated to the strength of connection between stimuli and responses
B)stimuli that satisfy physiological needs are most effective as rewards
C)​punishing a response weakened a connection but not to the same degree that rewards strengthened a connection
D)the law of exercise was unrelated to it
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 43

Thorndike's particular contribution to behaviorism was his focus on ____.​

A)​animal research
B)objective observation
C)​the experimental method
D)principles of association
E)S-R units

Question 44

Habit strength is a function of repetition.This is an instance of ____.​

A)​Thorndike's law of effect
B)Thorndike's law of exercise​
C)​Pavlov's law of reinforcement
D)Skinner's principle of the extinction of competing responses
E)vicarious learning

Question 45

​For Thorndike,learning is ____

A)​simple associations
B)complex associations
C)​making connections
D)a stimulus-response unit
E)"satisfaction"

Question 46

​Who used puzzle boxes to study animal behavior?

A)​Washburn
B)Turner
C)​Watson
D)Thorndike
E)Yerkes

Question 47

​Thorndike used ____ measures of learning to record his data.

A)​qualitative
B)quantitative
C)​qualitative as well as quantitative
D)no
E)outdated

Question 48

The "original" law of effect states that ____.​

A)​punishment always weakens a response
B)reward strengthens a response,but punishment does not always weaken a response
C)​any act that produces satisfaction is more likely to occur again;any act that produces discomfort is less likely to occur again
D)any act that produces reward will always be extinguished
E)rewards stamp in connections,and punishments stamp out connections

Question 49

The influence of Romanes and Morgan on Thorndike was shown in Thorndike's ____.​

A)​use of mentalistic processes
B)freely granting high levels of consciousness to animals
C)​use of introspection as an additional methodology
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 50

More than any other researcher in psychology before him,Pavlov attempted to ____.​

A)​eliminate sources of error from his studies.
B)implement the experimental method.
C)​reject all responses that were not objectively observable.
D)analyze S-R units into their component elements.
E)eliminate sources of error from his studies and implement the experimental method.

Question 51

Thorndike's approach was similar to that of structuralism in his focus on ____.​

A)​mechanism
B)introspection
C)​mentalism
D)positivism
E)phenomenalism

Question 52

The term psychic reflexes reflects ____.​

A)​Pavlov's early inclination to use mentalistic terms
B)Pavlov's familiarity with Watson's dissertation on the psychic development of the white rat​
C)​the distortion of the data of history by an error in translation
D)Pavlov's training as a neurologist
E)Pavlov's early identification with the new science of psychology

Question 53

The puzzle box is traditionally associated with the work of ____.​

A)​Thorndike
B)Watson
C)​Skinner
D)Köhler
E)Tolman

Question 54

​Pavlov's conditioned reflexes require ____ for learning to occur.

A)​reinforcement
B)knowledge
C)​two or more unconditioned responses
D)S-R connections
E)reinforcements and S-R connections

Question 55

Thorndike's ideas about the stamping in or stamping out of a response tendency led to his statement of ____.​

A)​the S-R connection
B)reinforcement
C)​the law of satisfaction
D)the law of exercise
E)the law of effect

Question 56

Who could be described as an absent-minded genius?​

A)​Bekhterev
B)Thorndike​
C)​Pavlov
D)Watson
E)Twitmyer

Question 57

Who first demonstrated that reward had a stronger effect than punishment?​

A)​Pavlov
B)Watson
C)​Thorndike
D)Tolman
E)Skinner

Question 58

​Whose work has been described as "a shift from speculation to experimentation?"

A)​Pavlov
B)Thorndike
C)​Bekhterev
D)Watson
E)Yerkes

Question 59

What led Pavlov to shift from a study of theology to that of animal psychology?​

A)​becoming familiar with the psychology of Wundt
B)the work of Thorndike
C)​Darwin's theory
D)the case of Clever Hans

Question 60

​Thorndike's "trial and accidental success" learning is more commonly known as ____ learning.​

A)​respondent
B)stamping in
C)​trial-and-error
D)one-trial
E)latent

Question 61

​Consistent with James's views,Pavlov argued that ____.

A)​psychology was not yet a science
B)psychology was in the preparadigmatic phase
C)​classical conditioning was the paradigm needed for psychology to become a science
D)psychology was a mentalistic interpretation of physiology
E)psychology was still in the realm of philosophy

Question 62

Pavlov conducted research on ____​

A)​reinforcement
B)extinction
C)​generalization
D)discrimination
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 63

Bekhterev ____.​

A)​never used reinforcement for his conditioning
B)applied Pavlovian principles to the muscles
C)​was a close friend of Pavlov
D)had a research program that blossomed when he emigrated to the U.S.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 64

​In the typical conditioning experiment done by Pavlov,the food placed in the dog's mouth is called the ____.

A)​conditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)​conditioned response
D)unconditioned response
E)conditional response

Question 65

Angell proposed that the term consciousness had about the same life expectancy in psychology as the term ____.​

A)​mind
B)psychic
C)​soul
D)respondent
E)mental element

Question 66

According to Pavlov in the original Source Material from Conditioned Reflexes (1927),his starting point in research was ____.​

A)​his previous work in physiology
B)careful observation of dogs salivating
C)​Darwin's theory of evolution
D)Washburn's book on the animal mind
E)Descartes idea of the nervous reflex

Question 67

For Pavlov,____ is necessary for learning to take place.​

A)​punishment
B)reinforcement
C)​emission of a voluntary behavior
D)clean dogs
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 68

Bekhterev discovered ____.​

A)​the associated reflexes
B)the reflex arc
C)​the knee-jerk response
D)one-trial learning
E)that punishment is not effective

Question 69

Pavlov's view of psychology was ____.​

A)​initially favorable,then somewhat negative
B)always negative
C)​always favorable
D)initially negative,then somewhat favorable
E)uncertain;he never said one way or the other

Question 70

For Pavlov,humans and animals were ____.​

A)​machines
B)allies
C)​enemies
D)incompatible
E)essentially different,needing different research methods

Question 71

Objective Psychology was authored by ____.​

A)​Thorndike
B)Comte
C)​Watson
D)Pavlov
E)Bekhterev

Question 72

​Which of the following is (are)true?

A)​Pavlov argued that higher mental processes in animals could be described in physiological terms.
B)Pavlovian methods have had practical applications.
C)​Pavlov published extensively with his lifelong friend Bekhterev.
D)Both a and b
E)None of the above are true.

Question 73

While Pavlov was exploring conditioning in Russia,an American named ____ also discovered the existence of conditioned reflexes.​

A)​Walter Pillsbury
B)John Watson
C)​Edward Thorndike
D)Edwin Burket Twitmyer
E)Willard Small

Question 74

Bekhterev ___.​

A)​argued that thought processes depended upon muscle responses of the speech
B)did work on glandular conditioning
C)​influenced Freud
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 75

Pavlov's work illustrated the study of higher mental processes in ____.​

A)​psychical terms
B)physical terms
C)​physiological terms
D)reinforcement

Question 76

Who first defined psychology as the study of behavior?​

A)​Watson
B)Cattell
C)​Pillsbury
D)Pavlov
E)Washburn

Question 77

If the 1904 APA attendees been more attentive,we might today speak of ____.​

A)​canine introspection
B)Twitmyer's dogs
C)​Bekhterev's knees
D)Twitmyerian conditioning
E)Bekhterev's dogs

Question 78

In the last half of the original Source Material from Conditioned Reflexes (1927),Pavlov discussed ____.​

A)​his work on higher order conditioning
B)many of his experimental variations
C)​Darwin's theory of evolution
D)Washburn's book on the animal mind
E)the building of what became known as the "Tower of Silence" 

Question 79

Watson was not the first to demand an objective psychology and,according to one historian,____ is considered the grandfather of Watson's behaviorism.​

A)​Fechner
B)Cattell
C)​Thorndike
D)Pavlov
E)Bekhterev

Question 80

Which of the following statements is not true regarding Bekhterev?​

A)​Bekhterev was a physiologist,neurologist,and psychiatrist.
B)Bekhterev had a cordial relationship with Pavlov.
C)​Bekhterev hypothesized that high-level behaviors were compounded from simpler reflexive behaviors.
D)Bekhterev argued for a completely objective approach for psychology.
E)Bekhterev was probably assassinated by Stalin