Question 1

Which of our authors most considers digital manipulation ethics a moot point for communicators?&#10;A) Kittross&#10;B) Merrill&#10;C) Gordon&#10;D) Babcock

Accepted Answer

D

Question 2

According to Merrill, what does the digital manipulation dilemma boil down to?&#10;A) The newness of digital media&#10;B) The presentation of truth&#10;C) Whether to dodge or burn&#10;D) Profits vs. principles

Accepted Answer

Merrill states that the digital manipulation dilemma ultimately boils down to the presentation of truth in digital media.

Question 3

All of these are among the imperfect and/or impractical solutions to digital manipulation that Kittross suggests, except &#8230;&#10;A) Expecting that the public already universally knows not to accept the veracity of digital media&#10;B) Placing a digital &#34;watermark&#34; on every certified authentic image&#10;C) Relying on ethical communicators to voluntarily forgo all digital manipulation&#10;D) Warning and educating the public not to trust the authenticity of any digital content

Accepted Answer

Kittross suggests that relying on the public to already universally know not to accept the veracity of digital media is an impractical solution to digital manipulation. The other options of placing a digital watermark, relying on ethical communicators, and warning/educating the public are all suggested as imperfect or impractical solutions, but they are mentioned as potential solutions nonetheless.

Question 4

Which one of these statements does NOT fit with Gordon and Babcock's philosophies about digital manipulation?&#10;A) As for the manipulation of advertising images, whatever is legal is ethical&#10;B) Public relations images fall under the same rules for digital manipulation as news images&#10;C) News photos can be retouched as long as it does not change the overall impression of the image&#10;D) Media professionals must authenticate all of their images

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which one of these statements does NOT...

Question 5

Which one of these is NOT in the implicit hierarchy that journalists had regarding photo editing?&#10;A) Sports photos can be blurred to dramatize movement&#10;B) Feature photos may be retouched&#10;C) Illustrations usually are manipulated&#10;D) News photos should never be retouched

Accepted Answer

Sports photos being blurred to dramatize movement is not part of the implicit hierarchy regarding photo editing, as blurring can alter the perception of the event's reality.

Question 6

Which one of these ethicists would be least likely to approve of digital manipulations not revealed to the audience?&#10;A) Mill&#10;B) Kant&#10;C) Rawls&#10;D) Aristotle

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which one of these ethicists would be...

Question 7

Under Associated Press (AP) policy, all of these &#34;minor&#34; digital adjustments to photographs are allowable, except &#8230;&#10;A) Cropping, dodging and burning images&#10;B) Color adjustments and toning, including converting images to grayscale&#10;C) Blurring or eliminating the background in images&#10;D) Retouching to eliminate dust or scratches on the image

Accepted Answer

According to the AP policy, blurring or eliminating the background in images is not allowed as it can misrepresent the context of the image. All of the other options: cropping, dodging and burning, color adjustments and toning, and retouching to eliminate dust or scratches are allowed.

Question 8

Which one of these alterations does Babcock indicate that he and other utilitarians would object to most?&#10;A) The Orange County Register's brightening of the blue sky in its photos of Southern California&#10;B) Time magazine's darkening of O.J. Simpson's complexion when it ran his police mug shot on its cover&#10;C) Enhancing the colors of a cheeseburger in a fast food ad&#10;D) The composite photo in which Brian Walski surreptitiously heightened the drama in an Iraq War photo before submitting it to the L.A. Times and subscribers to the L.A. Times News Service

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which one of these alterations does Babcock...

Question 9

For which medium is it hardest to detect manipulation, alteration or fabrication of the content?&#10;A) Film&#10;B) Print&#10;C) Analog audio and video broadcasts&#10;D) Digital media

Accepted Answer

Digital media is the best choice as it can be easily manipulated, altered or fabricated using various software tools. The ability to edit images, video and audio in a way that appears real has become increasingly sophisticated, making it harder to detect alterations. In contrast, film, print, and analog audio and video broadcasts are relatively harder to manipulate or alter.

Question 10

For Merrill, when does digital manipulation become unethical?&#10;A) When it is undetectable&#10;B) When it results in purposeful or willful falsification&#10;C) When it is not artfully done&#10;D) When it is not labeled as an &#34;illustration&#34;

Accepted Answer

Digital manipulation becomes unethical when it results in purposeful or willful falsification, such as creating fake news or altering evidence in a legal case. Undetectability, artfulness, and labeling are not necessarily determinants of ethics in digital manipulation.

Deck 7: Digitally Manipulated Content