Deck 9: Developmental Stages Through the Life Span

Question 1

Secondary sex ratios refer to:

A) Adult sex ratios
B) Sex ratios at birth
C) Sex ratios at conception
D) Sex ratios of breeding individuals in a group

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following statements about development is true

A) The energetics of maternal body size determine infant growth rates
B) Juvenile primates grow quickly compared to other mammals
C) Adults devote energy to their own growth instead of to reproduction
D) Most primate infants whose mothers die are successfully reared by other group members

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Greater prenatal maternal investment leads to:

A) Heavier infants relative to maternal weight in strepsirhines
B) Heavier infants relative to maternal weight in tarsiers
C) Heavier infants relative to maternal weight in haplorhines
D) Heavier infants relative to maternal weight in hominoids

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Prolactin is a hormone:

A) Produced exclusively by lactating females
B) That stimulates the production of testosterone in both males and females
C) Associated with parental care in both males and females
D) Excreted by the gonads and measurable in feces

Question 5

In many social primates, primiparous mothers differ from multiparous mothers in:

A) Their tendency to produce more daughters than sons
B) Their higher rates of infant mortality
C) Their ability to produce precocial offspring
D) Their longer gestation rates

Question 6

Baboon mothers with a relaxed, "laissez-faire" mothering style tend to be:

A) High ranking
B) More promiscuous than other females
C) Less likely to have female relatives in their groups
D) Extremely cautious about permitting others to handle their infants

Question 7

The evolutionary explanation for the weaning conflict is based on:

A) The variance in male and female reproductive success
B) The degree of sexual dimorphism
C) The time at which a parent's and an offspring's inclusive fitness are maximized reducing parental investment in that offspring
D) The temperamental differences that infants inherit

Question 8

Juvenile primates:

A) Are less likely than infants to survive the death of their mothers
B) Less vulnerable to predators than adults because their smaller size makes them less desirable prey
C) Have comparable diets and foraging efficiencies as adults
D) Grow slowly to mitigate competition with adults

Question 9

Sex differences are evident:

A) In the greater investment mothers make in their daughters prior to weaning
B) In the later maturation of males relative to females in sexually dimorphic species
C) From the degree of conflict between mothers and their infants during weaning
D) From the higher rates at which sons play with their mothers compared to daughters

Question 10

In nearly all primates:

A) Mortality rates among sexually mature males exceed those of females
B) Males are dominant over females, and can therefore override the effects of female choice
C) Affiliations among males are stronger than those between males and females
D) Males can be confident of their paternity

Question 11

The composition of juvenile play groups often reflects:

A) Whether they rely more heavily on adults or peers for social support
B) Their inherited ranks
C) Whether their development is risk aversive
D) Their foraging and locomotor skills

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the behavior of these juvenile primates is false?

A) Male long-tailed macaques, which disperse with their natal cohorts, exhibit post-conflict reconciliatory behavior
B) Dispersing female red howler monkeys leave their natal groups long before they are sexually mature
C) Immature female Hanuman langurs socialize more with their peers than with adult females
D) Male rhesus and Japanese macaques are well integrated into the adult male networks in their natal groups from a young age

Question 13

The population consequences of high mortality among dispersing primates:

A) Are similarly problematic whether males or females disperse
B) Are more problematic when dispersal is female-biased
C) Are more problematic when females are philopatric
D) Are more problematic when dispersal is male-biased

Question 14

High levels of prenatal androgens:

A) Are a product of high levels of prolactin
B) Lead to feminized fetuses
C) Lead to masculinized fetuses
D) Are necessary to the development of a female fetus

Question 15

The heterogametic sex:

A) Determines whether a zygote is male or female
B) Is similar across all mammals and birds
C) Is the larger sex in sexually dimorphic animals
D) Produces sperm in all animals

Question 16

According to Janson and van Schaik, juvenile primates adopt a "risk averse policy" in order to:

A) Grow as fast as they can to increase their ability to compete with adults over food
B) Stay alive until they are capable of competing with adults
C) Reduce their vulnerability to predators
D) Avoid living in social groups

Question 17

Discuss the costs and benefits of allomothering behavior, and describe the conditions under which the frequency of allomaternal behavior varies across different primates.

Question 18

Discuss two explanations for why male primates differ in the degree to which they participate in parental care.

Question 19

List three differences that distinguish precocial (P) and altricial (A) infants, being sure to indicate if you are describing (P) or (A) characteristics.

Question 20

Draw the graph depicting parent-offspring conflict. Label both the X-axis and the Y-axis, all curves, and where PI is optimized from the parent's and offspring's perspective. Indicate the area of conflict and briefly explain the basis of the conflict.

Question 21

Explain the ways in which life history traits may affect population growth and the viability of small populations.

Question 22

Discuss the life history trade-offs between reproduction and longevity in primates.

Question 23

Consider why primates might be especially responsive to bystander effects and discuss both the advantages and disadvantages to adjustments in parental investment toward infants as a result of bystander behavior.