Deck 7: The Seasons of Our Lives: Erik Erikson

Question 1

All except one of the following are true of Erikson and his contributions. Which is NOT true of Erikson and his contributions?

A) He only finished high school.
B) He was denied a position at Harvard because he lacked proper academic credentials.
C) He is famous for the "identity crisis."
D) He popularized the idea that personality development does not end at adolescence; it continues in adulthood.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Erikson's real father

A) was unknown even to his mother
B) was a famous German scientist
C) was a Danish man he never met
D) was actually named Homburger

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Erikson's was harassed at the synagogue and at school because

A) he was Jewish
B) he was a Jewish child in an Aryan family
C) his adopted father was Jewish; he was not, but was sometimes regarded as Jewish
D) he and his family was Jewish but split: his mother and the children were devout, but his father wasn't

Answer 3

C

Question 4

How did Erikson describe himself during his childhood?

A) morbidly sensitive
B) happy, but not content
C) sad, but fulfilled
D) moody

Question 5

All except one of the following were true of Erikson as a young man. Which was NOT true of him as a young man?

A) He was a painter.
B) He was a substitute teacher, replacing his friend, a heir to the Tiffany fortune.
C) He became a confidant of Freud, often talking with the master, deep into the night.
D) He was invited to undergo training as a child analyst under Anna Freud.

Question 6

All except one of the following was true of Erikson as a young man. Which was NOT true of him as a young man?

A) He was trained in the Montessori method.
B) He was rejected as an analyst in training by Freud, because he lacked credentials.
C) He was Freud's chauffeur.
D) He felt stifled by the over-protectiveness of the women analysts.

Question 7

All except one of the following were true of Erikson as he underwent training as a analyst. Which was NOT true of his time in training?

A) He was put off by the conservatism and dogmatism of the Vienna group.
B) He and his Canadian born, U.S. student wife fled to the United States when Hitler took power.
C) He became the first child analyst in Boston.
D) He became a star in the graduate psychology program at Harvard.

Question 8

Erikson's time with the Sioux and Yurok convinced him that

A) Native Americans were the only people not subject to developmental crises.
B) Freud's sexual ideas were not universal.
C) Jung's archetypes were manifested in Native American artifacts.
D) Native Americans were nothing like European America.

Question 9

Upon his death, one of Erikson's colleagues likened him to

A) Freud
B) Gandhi
C) Murray
D) Jung

Question 10

Which of the following of Erikson's books was a Pultizer Prize winner?

A) Childhood and Society
B) Young Man Luther
C) Gandhi's Truth
D) Life Cycle Completed

Question 11

Late in his life, Erikson became concerned about the rights of

A) the elderly
B) people of color
C) Hindus
D) the disabled

Question 12

About Freud's emphasis on childhood trauma, Erikson declared, "If everything 'goes back' into childhood, then

A) it will be nearly impossible to trace"
B) everything is someone else's fault"
C) why even consider the present?"
D) the future has no meaning"

Question 13

All of the following were true of Erikson's reactions to women, except one. Which was NOT true of Erikson regarding women?

A) He rather universally used masculine pronouns.
B) Girls, he said, were dominated by attractiveness and motherliness themes.
C) He changed, matured, and listened to the founders of the women's movement.
D) He like Freud could never accept that refined women could have passion and sexual wishes.

Question 14

Maturity to Erikson was

A) an all-or-none phenomenon
B) a never ending process
C) inevitably achieved only by the very elderly
D) never even approximated by anyone

Question 15

To Erikson, conquest of the tasks associated with a stage was cast in terms of

A) psychic libidinal conflict
B) sexual orientation
C) Oedipal resolution
D) poles

Question 16

Resolution of the dilemmas associated with each stage is in terms of

A) insights
B) strengths
C) weaknesses
D) psychic upheaval

Question 17

Psychosocial refers to

A) sociological analysis of psychic factors
B) psychological analysis of social factors
C) the union of physical yearnings and cultural forces
D) the opposition of Freud's instincts (id) and cultural forces (superego)

Question 18

In "epigenesis"

A) stages emerge one on top of another
B) the superego unfolds
C) sexual maturity is reached
D) resolution of each stages emerges from the insights at each stage

Question 19

Erikson was influenced by which philosophical idea?

A) thesis and antithesis
B) categories of the mind
C) neoassociationism
D) nihilism

Question 20

Erikson's "favorable ratio" refers to

A) the ratio of superego to id forces
B) the ratio of strengths to weaknesses
C) the ratio of identity to anti-identity forces
D) the ratio of pull to the positive pole relative to pull to the negative pole

Question 21

During Erikson's infancy stage, satisfaction leads to

A) joy
B) striving for superiority
C) basic trust
D) exaltation

Question 22

Basic mistrust is

A) the feeling that one has been abandoned and the need to find new significant others
B) the feeling of abandonment and helpless rage accompanying uncertainty of satisfaction
C) the feeling that the world is not to be trusted anymore than disappointing parents
D) the feeling that one can trust only a few significant others, and no one else

Question 23

The strength of the infancy stage is

A) love
B) kindness
C) hope
D) power

Question 24

An institutional safeguard is

A) a means to protect institutions
B) a process by which institutions, such as marriage, are protected from destruction
C) a way that institutions guard against encroachment by other institutions
D) a cultural unit that protects and promotes products of crisis resolution

Question 25

During Erikson's early childhood stage, the child

A) resolves the trust issue
B) becomes able to exercise its will
C) still has trouble grasping things
D) can now do more for itself than others can do for it

Question 26

The poles of Erikson's early childhood stage are

A) trust versus mistrust
B) love versus malice
C) industry versus inferiority
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

Question 27

The strength of Erikson's early childhood stage is

A) hope
B) love
C) will power
D) care

Question 28

Which of the following of Freud's ideas is applied by Erikson to his early childhood stage?

A) anal stage
B) Narcissistic stage
C) oral receptive type
D) rationalization

Question 29

During Erikson's play stage

A) girls and boys enjoy equality
B) sexual feelings are absent for both genders
C) boys are as interested in domestic games as are girls
D) boys develop sexual feelings and girls orient to pursuing the attention of their fathers

Question 30

Which of the following appears during Erikson's play age?

A) parataxic functioning
B) conscience
C) prototaxic functioning
D) basic anxiety

Question 31

Initiative is

A) the ability to restrain pursuits of desires and urges
B) acting on one's desires, urges, and potentials
C) taking charge of one's life at the expense of possible alienation of the mothering one
D) advancing cognitively to the point of making rational judgments about one's life

Question 32

How did Erikson part company with Freud on the issues of the boy's "falling for his mother"?

A) He felt that the boy actually "falls for" his father.
B) He believed that the boy "falls for" a females sibling, or, lacking one, for a female relative such as an aunt.
C) Hhe believed that the boy never "falls for" his mother at all, in the possessive sense.
D) The main reason the boy "falls for" and has fantasies about his mother is that she is crucial to his survival and prosperity.

Question 33

The strength of the play age is

A) fidelity
B) hope
C) care
D) purpose

Question 34

Failure to resolve the crisis of the play age can result in

A) psychopathic acting out
B) exhibitionism
C) manic depressive psychosis (bipolar)
D) depression

Question 35

During Erikson's school age

A) boys' sexual awareness first appears
B) children begin to lay the groundwork for becoming parents
C) girls first pursue attractiveness and nurturance
D) both genders renounce their "immature" need to be playing most of the time

Question 36

Which of Freud's ideas did Erikson apply to the school age period?

A) Oedipal Complex
B) Latency period
C) oral receptive-aggressive
D) intellectualization

Question 37

To Erikson, inferiority is

A) an outcome that occurs if children perceive their skills or status among peers to be inadequate
B) children's tendency to be sexually interested for the first time but unable to perform sexually
C) feeling lost and helpless in an adult world
D) feeling overwhelmed by the standards and demands placed on oneself by one's society

Question 38

Competence, the strength of Erikson's school age is

A) overcoming inherent inferiority
B) striving for superiority through compensation for weaknesses
C) the free exercise of dexterity and intelligence in the completion of serious tasks
D) the humility to recognize one's weaknesses and deficiencies and to address them

Question 39

According to Erikson, identity issues for teens may be reflected in

A) genital maturity in the Freudian sense
B) cognitive maturity that allows teens to make mature decisions
C) identity confusion that may be manifested in being punk one month and preppy the next
D) resolutions of the conflicts of the past stages

Question 40

What identity dilemma might the boy face during Erikson's adolescence stage?

A) whether to begin sexual exploration or repress it
B) whether to remain a child or become an adult
C) whether to leave the nest or remain a while longer
D) whether to become the macho figure represented by his father or a more gender neutral person

Question 41

According to Erikson, what do adolescents do in response to the question "Who am I?"

A) respond with the label for the career they hope to pursue
B) respond with their gender identity
C) form cliques for mutual defense against enemies
D) withdraw from social relations with peers in order to hone and refine their own uniqueness

Question 42

How did Erikson view adolescent rebellion?

A) He thought that it should be more disciplined as in his day.
B) with the assumption that is was not all bad
C) with some chagrin because his theory fails to address the formation of youth gangs today
D) with ambivalence as he felt that rebellion was a necessary evil, but an evil never-the-less

Question 43

Erikson viewed unrest among youth as a sign of

A) a healthy, open society, ready for needed change
B) a general upheaval that would threaten society's existence
C) a positive signal that a society exercised the proper level of control over its youth
D) a warning that a society is sick

Question 44

The strength of the adolescent period (Erikson) is

A) trust
B) care
C) fidelity

Question 45

Of fidelity, Erikson believed

A) it is a sign of immaturity
B) it is the cornerstone of identity
C) it is the essential means of resolving autonomy versus shame and doubt
D) it is the most important accomplishment of young adults

Question 46

According to Erikson, to what are might adolescents most likely fall prey?

A) sexual permissiveness
B) religious fanaticism
C) apathy
D) totalitarian ideology

Question 47

Traditionally, parents have been the standard used by their children to develop their identities. Why is that less so today?

A) Parents are, in many cases, not available enough to have impact on their children.
B) Urban living has made parents indifferent to childrearing.
C) Drugs have made children unmanageable.
D) Parents and their children are not able to communicate any more.

Question 48

According to Mashek et al, (2003) with whom are we likely to confuse our identities?

A) people to whom we feel close
B) famous people like Bill Clinton
C) "good" people
D) authority figures like school teachers

Question 49

What are the poles of Erikson's crisis at the young adulthood stage?

A) love versus malice
B) hope versus hopelessness
C) intimacy versus isolation
D) integrity versus despair

Question 50

Isolation (Erikson) means

A) the failure to develop peer cliques
B) the failure to establish meaningful relationships with caregivers
C) the failure for individuation to develop
D) the failure to secure close and cooperative relationships with the same and opposite gender

Question 51

The strength of the young adult period is

A) love
B) care
C) fidelity
D) hope

Question 52

The poles of the middle adulthood stage are

A) integrity and despair
B) love and hate
C) initiative and guilt
D) productivity and futility

Question 53

The strength of the middle adulthood stage is

A) care
B) fidelity
C) love
D) contentment

Question 54

Generativity is

A) hoping for the best and doing the best for hope
B) not asking why, but asking why not
C) replacing rearing children with other pursuits
D) establishing and guiding the next generation

Question 55

Care is

A) the broadening concern for what has been generated by love, necessity, or accident
B) the end of the longing for deep and meaningful relationships and the beginning of building those relationships
C) universal concern
D) moral rectitude

Question 56

According to Erikson, old age is

A) submission to mortality
B) the conquest of mortality
C) a time for reaping the harvest of one's heavily laden fields
D) wit in full bloom

Question 57

The poles of the dilemma of old age are

A) trust versus distrust
B) intimacy versus isolation
C) integrity versus despair
D) identity versus identity confusion

Question 58

What is Erikson's problem with his concept "wisdom"?

A) It implies only academic knowledge.
B) It is too religious in nature.
C) It is too strenuous an achievement.
D) It is a stereotype of the elderly.

Question 59

Which is an example of how, during the school age, the "adult rules of work" that children learn and the role-teaching games they play are different for different cultures?

A) Eskimo children play in the snow.
B) Chinese children play a stick ball game.
C) Masai children care for livestock.
D) Maori children practice an early form of the "bunji jump."

Question 60

What happens at the mid-life transition, according to Levinson?

A) repression of feelings of mortality
B) heightened awareness of mortality
C) promotion of feelings of immortality
D) a feeling of renewal or despair, depending on one's gender

Question 61

De-illusionment means

A) the same thing as disillusionment
B) the eye-opening experience of realizing that one has disillusioned others
C) the tendency for middle-aged people to debunk the illusions of their peers
D) a recognition that assumptions and beliefs about self and the world are not true

Question 62

Which is a likely event at the mid-life crisis, according to Levinson?

A) hostile attacks on family and friends
B) manic depressive episodes
C) schizophrenic-like reactions
D) family and career may be replaced and a new life style adopted

Question 63

What occurs during Levinson's "individuation" process?

A) the person begins to become an individual
B) a person is changed so that there is a clearer separation between self and world
C) the person abandons her or his former self in favor of an entirely new individual
D) the middle-aged person's personality becomes individuated or fragmented

Question 64

Levinson's individuation relates to which of Erikson's concepts?

A) integrity
B) absolution
C) generativity
D) epigenesis

Question 65

What proportion of Levinson's sample suffered the mid-life crisis?

A) nearly 100%
B) 54%
C) 33%
D) 80%

Question 66

According to Levinson, what causes us to consider our own mortality?

A) pressure from friends and family who remind us of our approach to old age
B) stereotypes that apply to middle-aged persons
C) declines in function
D) the end of the repression that we were able to maintain before the wrinkles opened out eyes

Question 67

According to Levinson, what is the solution to our crisis of mortality?

A) a legacy
B) a pledge
C) resignation
D) defiance

Question 68

According to Sheehy, age 35 begins

A) a time of despair for men
B) a period of resolute soul searching for men
C) a dangerous period for women
D) a time of regression for both sexes

Question 69

What do women begin to fear at about age 35, according to Sheehy?

A) an empty nest
B) a husband with a wandering eye
C) a biological ticking clock that signals diminished chances of passing along her genes
D) leaving home to go to work and thereby withdrawing from her role as wife into a role of "provider"

Question 70

What might women suffer from as they reenter the work force, according to Sheehy?

A) fear of success and desire for it
B) reluctance to leave the children at home during the day
C) concern that her husband will feel deserted
D) frustration that competitors for advancement are way ahead of them

Question 71

According to Clay (2003) what is it that shapes mid-life?

A) frustrations in the business and personal worlds
B) the reoccurrence of small stressors
C) dissatisfaction with one's body
D) the knowledge that time is short for realizing one's goals

Question 72

All except one of the following are among the outcomes of Ochse's and Plug's (1986) investigations of poles associated with Erikson's stages. Which was NOT among their outcomes?

A) the more the positive poles were represented in subjects, the higher their senses of well-being
B) black and white South African subjects showed almost identical responses
C) intercorrelations among poles tended to be high regardless of whether subjects had yet passed crises
D) intimacy versus isolation and generativity versus stagnation emerged from factor analysis

Question 73

All except one of the following are among the outcomes of Ochse's and Plug's (1986) investigations of poles associated with Erikson's stages. Which was NOT among their outcomes?

A) There were contradictions to the epigenesis notion that earlier crises are resolved before later crises.
B) For whites, intimacy was higher for men than for women.
C) Factor analysis yielded an "identity" factor.
D) There were declines in the potency of poles associated with earlier stages, but increases for poles associated with later stages.

Question 74

In their study of generativity and authoritarianism, Peterson, Smirles, and Wentworth (1997) found all of the following except one. Which was NOT one of their findings?

A) Parents' generativity was positively related to openness; but negatively related to authoritarianism.
B) Extraversion was negatively related to generativity but positively related to authoritarianism.
C) High-authoritarian parents conflicted with their children.
D) Conscientiousness and generativity were positively related.

Question 75

Which of the following was a finding of Kowaz's and Marcia's (1991) study of industry?

A) The correlations among the measures of industry were low.
B) The cognitive component of industry was poorly correlated with achievement.
C) "Level of reasoning" was positively related to industry.
D) For teachers' judgments, being "on" versus "off" task was negatively related to industry scores.

Question 76

What did McAdams, Ruetzel, and Foley find (1986) in their investigation of generativity?

A) TAT scores were unrelated to generativity.
B) Rorschach scores were positively associated with a measure of generativity.
C) Power and intimacy were inversely related.
D) Power and intimacy were positively related to generativity.

Question 77

What did Franz, McClelland and Weinberger (1991) find in their follow-up of research done in the 1950s?

A) Having close friends at mid-life, a long, happy marriage, and children was positively related to generativity.
B) Having a mid-life crisis was negatively related to generativity.
C) Integrity and despair were positively related.
D) Having children predicted unresolved dilemmas from previous periods.

Question 78

For women, "achievement motive" was related to what kind of expression in the study by Peterson and Steward (1993)?

A) generativity expression outside the home
B) care expressed inside the home
C) parenting
D) personal productivity

Question 79

All of the following were found by McAdams and Mansfield (1996) and this team plus de St. Aubin and Diamond (1997), except one. Which was NOT a finding of this research team?

A) Communion (self-sacrificing and being one with others) was positively related with generativity.
B) The high generativity group was higher on moral steadfastness than a low generativity group.
C) The high generativity group was higher on prosocial future goals than the low generativity group.
D) There was no difference between the high and low generativity groups on early family advantage.

Question 80

All except one of the following are limitations of Erikson's thought and work. Which is NOT a limitation?

A) Some of his concept-labels seem chosen without reason or logic.
B) None of his concepts have received research support.
C) Some of his concepts are murky at best.
D) His concept epigenesis has been weakened by research results.