Deck 9: Every Person Is to Be Prized: Carl Rogers

Question 1

How does Rogers compare to other humanistic theorists?

A) His impact is in the cognitive realm, not the humanistic.
B) He is more of a philosopher than a scientist.
C) He applied science to understanding people rather than to validating his therapy, showing the biological
D) side of humans, and rendering his concepts testable.
His ideas has been validated by systematic research more than the ideas of other humanistic theorists.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Rogers' family life was characterized by fundamentalist religion. However, later he had trouble with

A) the concept of original sin
B) guilt over abandoning his religion
C) churches wishing to train ministers in Rogerian therapy
D) people who regarded themselves as fundamentalists

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following was among Rogers' favorite books as a youth?

A) the Old Testament
B) Freud's Interpretation of Dreams
C) Feeds and Feeding
D) Fromm's Art of Loving

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What enlightening experience did Rogers have during his youth?

A) a trip to China
B) a peak experience
C) a drug experience
D) a couple of years in a monastery

Question 5

Who probably influenced Rogers the most?

A) Freud
B) Jung
C) Rank
D) Horney

Question 6

What model for addressing psychological problems was rejected by Rogers?

A) the Jungian model
B) the psychiatric model
C) the clinical psychology model
D) the medical model

Question 7

Which is most consistent with Rogers' growth model?

A) Psychological patients are sick and need some kind of treatment.
B) Disturbed people need a structured kind of therapy.
C) Obstructions in people's paths are to be removed so they can move beyond being normal.
D) Patients need love and understanding in order to be cured of their psychological sicknesses.

Question 8

Which of the following characterized Rogers when he was in his eighties, in the years before he died?

A) convalescence
B) "The days are not long enough to accomplish my purposes."
C) "I spend my time these days enjoying relaxing, playing with my grandchildren, and playing an occasional round of golf."
D) training new converts to Rogerian methods

Question 9

All except one of the following are stereotypes of Rogers. Which is NOT one of those stereotypes?

A) He never became angry.
B) He regarded himself as a counselor.
C) He often became impatient with clients.
D) He believed that empathy was a passive process.

Question 10

What was Rogers' reaction to a white psychologist who claimed that a black, South African revolutionary was just trying to get attention?

A) He brought the two together for a private conference.
B) He consoled the black revolutionary.
C) He became angry at the white psychologist.
D) In characteristic style, he let the two of them work it out on their own.

Question 11

During his sessions in South Africa, what happened when a key black participant left the group?

A) ran after him and attempted to persuade him to return
B) began to cry
C) scolded the person whose remarks led to the exodus
D) talked quietly to the group to console them on their loss

Question 12

Why did Rogers include "counseling" in the title of one of his books ?

A) In fact, counseling was his primary identity.
B) He and his students thought the inclusion would recruit counselors to the Rogerian approach.
C) He thought "counseling" to be a more worthy discipline than psychology.
D) He was a member of the Counseling Division of the American Psychological Association.

Question 13

Which of the following is most consistent with humanistic psychology?

A) exercising freedom of choice in a chaotic world
B) a need to absorb the patient's pain
C) a respect for the concept "cure"
D) emphasis on the whole person

Question 14

Which of the following was NOT one of Rollo May's six basic existential issues?

A) the existing person is centered in her or his self
B) the courage to be
C) the extension of life
D) anxiety

Question 15

What hypothesis did Rogers deduce from May's six existential issues?

A) All humans are created equal.
B) The more the self is threatened, the more the neurotic behavior.
C) Life and death are related in a complex matrix that can be deciphered only during extended therapy.
D) Existential therapy will work better if it is brief.

Question 16

What did Rollo May call "animal level of awareness" that we share with other creatures?

A) primate consciousness
B) vigilance
C) anticipation
D) subjection

Question 17

Phenomenology involves

A) experiencing the phenomenon of moral rectitude
B) people sharing common experiences
C) the belief that one person can never appreciate the experience of another person
D) a desire to grasp reality as each person uniquely perceives it

Question 18

Which of the following statements best characterized the phenomenological (humanistic) approach?

A) Clear one's mind of presuppositions.
B) Do unto others as they do unto you.
C) Render to Caesar what is Caesar's and to God what is God's.
D) What does not overwhelm me makes me stronger.

Question 19

Empathy, according to Rogers, is

A) the emotional linkage between the infant and significant other people
B) sensing and participating in the emotions of other people
C) offering one's own emotions as a taste of one's own inner self
D) guiding the emotions of another person from sick to well

Question 20

All of the following are approaches or views of the humanistic psychologists, except one. Which is NOT an approach or view of humanistic psychologists?

A) helping people find the kind of insight that will allow them to return to normalcy
B) The human organism is a total being whose physical, psychological, and spiritual aspects cannot be separated.
C) idiographic
D) person-centered

Question 21

According to May, which distinguishes humans for other creatures?

A) consciousness
B) feelings
C) concern about threats to our existence
D) self-consciousness

Question 22

Rogers believes

A) in the idiographic approach to understanding individuals
B) the client and the therapist should be equal in the psychotherapy setting
C) therapists should let the client do all the talking
D) therapists should never show strong emotional reactions during therapy

Question 23

What sort of college classroom procedure did Rogers pioneer?

A) students running the entire class
B) student active participation as a partial replacement of the traditional lecture
C) the Rogerian tendency to reflect student's questions back to them, rather than provide any answers to questions
D) transforming the classroom into a "be all you can be" arena

Question 24

All except one of the following are characteristic of the actualizing tendency. Which is NOT one of those characteristics?

A) organismic
B) active
C) opportunistic
D) selective

Question 25

Which of the following is Rogers' example, recalled from his youth, of the actualizing tendency?

A) the behavior of fighting fish
B) the growing of potatoes in the basement
C) the struggles of worker ants
D) the clinging of the tomato vines

Question 26

Which of the following is Rogers' conception of self-actualizing person(s)?

A) a person who engages in a lifelong process of realizing his or her potentialities to become a fully functioning person
B) persons who do the best they are capable of doing, and who develop themselves to the most complete stature possible for them
C) persons who strive from a felt minus to a felt plus situation by engaging all the inner strength they can muster
D) a person who must excel at whatever she or he attempts whether in the realm of work, love, or art

Question 27

Which of the following captures the difference between experience and awareness (Rogers)?

A) Experience is based in the past, awareness in the present.
B) Experience encompasses emotions, awareness encompasses cognitions.
C) Experience is more concrete than awareness.
D) Experience involves emotions and perceptions, while awareness is appreciation of experience.

Question 28

According to Rogers, which is a characteristic of the self-actualizing person?

A) time competency
B) high quantitative skills
C) unusual modes of verbal expression
D) a tendency to devote oneself to others to the exclusion of reserving time for oneself

Question 29

Which of the following is a distinguishing mark of humanistic Rogerian psychology?

A) self-sacrifice
B) duty to others
C) belief in the importance of the self
D) belief that all problems have solutions

Question 30

Which of the following is most related to Rogers' conception of the self?

A) the balance point between conscious and unconscious processes
B) the composite of all of the other personality structures
C) the culmination of all the person's hopes, dreams, and aspirations; in other words the mature personality
D) the organized, conceptual whole composed of perceptions of characteristics of "I" and "me"

Question 31

To Rogers the self is functionally equivalent to

A) the personality
B) the self-concept
C) the junction of conscious and unconscious processes
D) emotions, cognitions, and perceptions occurring at a given moment

Question 32

According to Rogers, the self is

A) static after adolescence
B) unable to understand itself
C) personality manifested
D) a continuing process, not a fixed end-point

Question 33

The ideal self is

A) almost always an unobtainable self
B) an aspiration without bounds
C) the self a person most values and desires to be
D) how one should be, as defined by one's culture

Question 34

Congruency refers to

A) behavioral consistency
B) consistency between the self-concept and experiences relating to the self
C) being what one is supposed to be
D) the coincidence of conscious and unconscious desires

Question 35

According to Rogers, denial is

A) refusal to think about or address whatever is too hard to bear
B) refusal to accept who we are
C) a reinterpretation of an experience so as to make it consistent with how one wants things to be
D) the inability to recognize or accept the existence of an experience that has occurred

Question 36

According to Rogers, distortion is

A) refusal to think about or address whatever is too hard to bear
B) refusal to accept who we are
C) a reinterpretation of an experience so as to make it consistent with how one wants things to be
D) the inability to recognize or accept the existence of an experience that has occurred

Question 37

Which is Rogers' example of incongruence?

A) The young woman who was beautiful but outwardly claimed she was plain.
B) The boy who lifted girls skirts.
C) The man who was a voyeur.
D) The woman who had a good sexual experience, but told her friends it was bad.

Question 38

Defensiveness is illustrated by

A) reaction aimed at maintaining the self in the face of contradictory information
B) one of those several Freudian mechanisms that Rogers put to good use
C) the same as "denial"
D) the same as "distortion"

Question 39

How did Rogers describe Adler's manner of relating to a child?

A) a little rough, but with an undercurrent of kindness
B) very direct and employing a deceptively simple manner
C) rather authoritarian, in an ironically Freudian manner
D) Very scientific; he addressed the child only after administering a battery of test.

Question 40

What will be the result of continued defensiveness?

A) psychosis
B) restructuring of the personality
C) new insights
D) maladjustment

Question 41

Which of the following was a hypothesis that Rogers deduced from May's six existential issues?

A) The more people struggle with their demons the more depressed they become.
B) The higher the level of material attainment, the more false is one's self-perceptions.
C) The more the self is free from threat, the more one will exhibit self-affirming behaviors.
D) The shorter the therapy, the greater the self-concept development.

Question 42

According to Rogers, what sort of interaction is important to personality development?

A) between environments and actualization tendencies
B) between the here and now and the past
C) between infant and siblings
D) between conscious and unconscious

Question 43

Which of the following is the best definition of positive regard?

A) regarding relations with other people in a positive light
B) other people communicating to oneself that one is accepted, valued, worthwhile and trusted simply for being who one is
C) regarding other people as one might hope they will regard oneself: positively
D) the experience of oneself as making a positive difference in others' lives and receiving warmth, liking, respect, and caring from others

Question 44

Which of the following is the best definition of unconditional positive regard?

A) regarding relations with other people in a positive light
B) other people communicating to oneself that one is accepted, valued, worthwhile and trusted simply for being who one is
C) regarding other people as one might hope they will regard oneself: positively
D) the experience of oneself as making a positive difference in others' lives and as receiving warmth, liking, respect, and caring from others

Question 45

Which of the following is the antithesis of being prized, valued, and accepted?

A) reciprocating those feelings
B) accepting conditions of worth set up by other people
C) trying to be more than one is
D) being concerned that in being all one can be, one may end up more than someone else

Question 46

Which of the following allows the person to pursue self-actualization?

A) release from the tyranny of the shoulds
B) developing insight during therapy
C) welding archetypes to consciousness
D) overcoming inferiority

Question 47

Which is a common misconception of unconditional positive regard?

A) Few therapist use it.
B) A child's behavior is approved no matter what its nature.
C) It usually backfires: the child will ignore it.
D) It is naive: the child will see through it and exploit it.

Question 48

Accurate empathy is

A) empathy, but with evaluation of self by others standards
B) understanding a person's thinking rather than emotions
C) accurately perceiving a person's inner world non-evaluatively
D) empathy that comes with practice at perceiving one's own inner world

Question 49

Congruence in the interpersonal sense refers to

A) two people being highly similar on an ideological level
B) two people sharing the same critical beliefs
C) two people being concerned about the same emotional issues
D) people who feel the same level of comfort with the issue they are considering

Question 50

Positive self-regard refers to

A) an ability that some people have and others do not have
B) accepting one's behavior no matter what its nature
C) regarding oneself positively when one's behavior warrants it
D) a favorable attitude toward oneself

Question 51

"Locus of evaluation" involves what problem?

A) locating one's processes of evaluation only within oneself
B) the source of evidence about oneself, inside one's self or outside
C) the ambiguity of locating the sources of evidence about one's self
D) how to get rid of all forms of self-evaluation

Question 52

All of the following are necessary conditions for productive therapy, except one? Which is NOT a necessary condition?

A) accurate empathic understanding
B) congruence
C) initial, mutual liking on the part of client and therapist
D) positive regard

Question 53

All except one of the following are stages in Rogerian therapy. Which is NOT a stage?

A) client communicates about externals, not about self
B) client finally breaks down and laughs or cries or otherwise displays emotional apoplexy
C) client accepts own feelings in all their immediacy and richness
D) client trusts new experiences and relates to others openly and freely

Question 54

In the therapy example, during the initial session, what problem did the lawyer-client express?

A) He was not making enough money.
B) His marriage was going badly owing to the long hours he spent working.
C) His children were materialistic.
D) He was actually unaware of any problem, and, thus was evasive.

Question 55

What life discrepancy does the lawyer-client uncover in an early session?

A) He and his wife disagree on how to rear their children.
B) The children want everything but want to contribute nothing.
C) Some of his partners are behaving ethically and some are not.
D) Someone he knows he is doing well in his career, but his interests are elsewhere.

Question 56

What does the lawyer-client really want to do with his life?

A) be sole owner of his company
B) be an artist
C) be a "mountain man"
D) enter the priesthood

Question 57

In a late session, what direction does the lawyer-client's expressions take?

A) He relates how foolish he had been in thinking of giving up law.
B) He talks almost exclusively about his paintings and current feelings.
C) He begins to avoid talking about conflicts in his life and talks about past successes.
D) He mentions his children no more; instead he focuses on aspirations for his firm.

Question 58

Which of the following is a contribution of Rogers?

A) He has had great impact on personality assessment.
B) He pioneered long-term therapy.
C) He has had great impact on personality psychology.
D) He has shown that science has no place in assessing therapy.

Question 59

Which of the following is a contribution of Rogers?

A) He was a self-proclaimed pioneer in counseling.
B) He correctly recognized that therapy, humanism, and classroom procedures don't mix.
C) He showed the importance of the phenomenological perspective.
D) He convinced other humanists they have no business dealing in issues of international conflict.

Question 60

Which of the following is a contribution of Rogers?

A) He recognized that therapeutic methods have no place in the classroom.
B) He showed that it is pointless to attempt to validate therapeutic techniques.
C) He guided professionals away from concern about what a person should be.
D) He, like Skinner, found "freedom" a misguided concept.

Question 61

All except one of the following are contributions of Rogers. Which is NOT a contribution?

A) development of the Adjective Check List
B) an understanding of persons
C) appreciation of the role of caring interpersonal relations in personality growth
D) demonstrations of scientific openness and theoretical flexibility

Question 62

Regarding the scientific method for understanding people, Rogers

A) made it the backbone of his therapeutic technique
B) fully rejected it, especially in regard to evaluation of the effectiveness of his therapy techniques
C) felt that science could begin anywhere, even outside the lab
D) remained puzzled regarding the scientific approach and never quite grasped how it related to his techniques

Question 63

Which was an original idea of Rogers?

A) existentialism
B) unconditional positive regard
C) phenomenology
D) character structure

Question 64

Regarding people, what did Rogers emphasize?

A) trust in them
B) respect for their urges
C) individual differences in their traits
D) conflicts between them

Question 65

Like Sullivan, Rogers emphasized

A) movement orientations toward others
B) generativity
C) methodology
D) interpersonal relations

Question 66

What is most true of Rogers?

A) He often blurted out his opinion of what was wrong with a client on the first session.
B) He often developed strong feelings toward his clients.
C) He never offered advice to clients.
D) He violated protocol by scolding clients.

Question 67

What "first" did Rogers score way back in 1942?

A) He became the first psychologist to win the Nobel prize.
B) He recorded and transcribed a therapy session.
C) He wrote President Roosevelt and, in his letter, correctly predicted the current explosion in mental health problems.
D) He resigned from the American Psychological Association because they would not accept his ground-breaking "Ethical Principles for Psychologists."

Question 68

About science, Rogers believed

A) it belongs only in the laboratory
B) it has no application in the realm of psychotherapy
C) scientific theory and procedures should be flexible
D) it should be abandoned by psychologists whose phenomena are too elusive to accommodate scientific criteria

Question 69

Which of the following Rogerian ideas did Harrington, Block, and Block (1987) translate into scientifically testable variables?

A) empathy
B) the relationship between child rearing practices and creativity
C) the relationship between therapist's level of accurate empathy and the level of therapeutic outcomes
D) self-actualization

Question 70

All except one of the following were items given to parents in Harrington's, Block's, and Block's (1987) study of Rogers' ideas regarding child rearing. Which was NOT among those items?

A) "I respect my child's opinions and encourage him to express them."
B) "I believe that children should be seen and not heard"
C) "I encourage my child to be curious, and to explore and question things."
D) "I reward my child when he does well in school and punish him when he does poorly."

Question 71

Harrington, Block, and Block (1987) developed several measures of the Creativity Fostering Environment (CFE), derived from Rogers writings. What did they find?

A) few relationship, except between CFE and spontaneity
B) over-all, positive relationships between CFE instruments and instruments that measure creativity
C) a high correlation between CFE and parental indulgence of children's disruptive but curious behavior
D) a negative relationship between CFE and logo creativity

Question 72

To what did Rogers devote many of his last years?

A) improving his therapeutic style
B) setting up programs around the country to teach his methods
C) visiting universities around the world to promote client centered therapy
D) travel around the world to engage in conflict resolution

Question 73

What did Dennis, a Protestant, say about Becky, a Catholic, during Rogers' sessions in Northern Ireland?

A) "I can never relate to her."
B) "That she is Catholic never made a difference to me; we've been friends since we were wee children."
C) "If Becky is Catholic, you just put her in a wee box and that is the end of it."
D) "Ours is a tragic romance. We can't tell our parents that were are lovers."

Question 74

By the end of Rogers' sessions in Northern Ireland, what was the state of the relationship between Dennis, a Protestant, and Becky, a Catholic?

A) They remained enemies, but, at least, were willing to continue meeting under the auspices of the local Catholic Charities.
B) They agreed to "bury the hatchet" and chair further sessions after Rogers left.
C) They agree to tell their parents about their long-standing romance.
D) As Becky put it: "Words couldn't describe what I feel towards Dennis...I felt that here I got a friend and that was it."

Question 75

Which is illustrated by the case of Gloria?

A) the futility of client centered therapy
B) Rogers' change toward offering advice
C) use of conceptual metaphors
D) group therapy

Question 76

All except one of the following are limitations of Rogers' thinking and approach. Which is NOT a limitation?

A) Rogers saw no need to evaluate his therapeutic techniques.
B) In therapy he adamantly refuses to be confrontational.
C) He accepted self-reports despite problems with them.
D) His non-directive approach is not for everyone, especially for clients who need direction.

Question 77

All except one of the following Rogerian concepts is difficult to translate into testable terms. Which is NOT difficult to test?

A) creativity promoting child rearing practices
B) genuineness in interpersonal relationship
C) the essential goodness of people
D) empathy

Question 78

What was probably Rogers' strongest point?

A) his willingness to submit his methods to scientific scrutiny
B) the person he was
C) his willingness to travel to conflict "hotspots"
D) his devotion to his student

Question 79

How did Rogers approach doing therapy with an African-American client?

A) He approached him or her just like he did any other client.
B) He was a bit more authoritarian with her or him.
C) He became the client's student in a "course" on African-American experience, before he began his usual procedures.
D) He worked especially hard at understanding him or her, so that, should he fail in gaining an understanding, he could terminate therapy early, thus protecting the client.

Question 80

All except one of the following were among Rogers' experiences with diversity. Which of the following was NOT among Rogers' diversity experiences?

A) He visited South Africa for sessions on conflict resolution.
B) He visited Ireland for sessions on conflict resolution.
C) His theory had influence on those who deal with interracial and intercultural relationships.
D) He became accomplished in doing therapy with Latino people.