Deck 4: Theoretical Perspectives

Question 1

Psychologists working within the biological perspective believe that the primary reason behind psychological disorders are

A) abnormalities in the functioning of the body.
B) faulty learning experiences.
C) maladaptive thought processes.
D) abnormal social practices.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following defines neurotransmitters?

A) They are the units that contain the instructions for forming proteins, which, in turn, determine how the neuron performs.
B) They are chemical messengers that travel across the synapse, allowing neurons to communicate with their neighbors.
C) They are long projections of the neuron through which electrical messages travel.
D) They are gaps that form between the myelin sheaths in the neuron through which chemical messages travel.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Neurotransmitters are released from neurons into the

A) synaptic cleft.
B) axon.
C) soma.
D) dendrite.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In the case of neurons, which of the following controls the manufacturing of neurotransmitters?

A) Myelin
B) Secretin
C) Genes
D) Cytokines

Question 5

One of the two different variations of a gene is referred to as a(n)

A) dendrite.
B) allele.
C) leukocyte.
D) chemokine.

Question 6

A genotype is the

A) dominant variant of a gene.
B) chemical messenger that carries the genetic code.
C) genetic makeup of an organism.
D) recessive variant of the gene.

Question 7

Teresa has inherited allele A from her mother and allele B from her father. Allele A is the dominant gene that affects the production of the protein Huntington in such a way that it causes Huntington's disease. Allele B is the recessive gene that does not cause Huntington's disease. On the basis of the given information, which of the following is likely to be the result of this inheritance?

A) Teresa is not affected by Huntington's disease.
B) Teresa suffers from Huntington's disease.
C) Teresa is a carrier of Huntington's disease.
D) Teresa is immune to Huntington's disease.

Question 8

To which of the following disorders is the neurotransmitter serotonin primarily related?

A) Anorexia nervosa
B) Parkinson's disease
C) Alzheimer's disease
D) Autism

Question 9

Which of the following neurotransmitters has been linked to Parkinson's disease?

A) Opioids
B) Serotonin
C) Norepinephrine
D) Dopamine

Question 10

The observed and measurable characteristic that results from the combination of environmental and genetic influences are referred to as the

A) genotype.
B) phenotype.
C) karyotype.
D) DNA.

Question 11

The study of _____ attempts to identify the ways that the environment influences genes to produce phenotypes.

A) epigenetics
B) numismatics
C) histology
D) anatomy

Question 12

Which of the following models proposed that people are born with a genetic predisposition that places them at risk of developing a psychological disorder if exposed to certain extremely taxing life experiences?

A) Semantic model
B) Polygenic model
C) Humanistic model
D) Diathesis-stress model

Question 13

Which of the following is likely to have the highest degree of genetic relatedness?

A) Dizygotic twins
B) Monozygotic twins
C) Fraternal twins
D) Married couples

Question 14

In a genome-wide linkage study, researchers study

A) the ego of a person that is the main force in personality.
B) the way that people's thoughts influence their emotions.
C) the families of people with specific psychological traits disorders.
D) the entire genome of individuals who are not related genetically.

Question 15

In a genome-wide association study, researchers study

A) the ego of a person that is the main force in personality.
B) the way that people's thoughts influence their emotions.
C) the families of people with specific psychological traits disorders to find out the genes underlying a particular disease.
D) the entire genome of individuals who are not related to find out the genetic variations associated with a particular disease.

Question 16

Psychotherapeutic medications are treatments that are intended to reduce the symptoms of an individual suffering from psychological disorders by

A) injecting the required amount of iron that is deficient in the body.
B) inserting a microelectrode that delivers a constant low electrical stimulation to the affected area.
C) altering the levels of the neurotransmitters responsible for the disorder.
D) applying shock to the head for the purpose of inducing therapeutically beneficial seizures.

Question 17

An operation performed on the brain that is designed to reduce psychological disturbances is referred to as

A) ECT.
B) orthroscopy.
C) psychosurgery.
D) insulin shock therapy.

Question 18

Which of the following is a somatic treatment in which a neurosurgeon implants a microelectrode that delivers a constant low electrical stimulation to a small region of the brain, powered by an implanted battery?

A) Deep brain stimulation
B) Transcranial magnetic stimulation
C) Electroconsulsive therapy
D) Panic control therapy

Question 19

Linda is suffering from severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. In the course of the treatment, her neurosurgeon implants a microelectrode, powered by an implanted battery that delivers a constant low electrical stimulation to specific circuits in her brain. Which of the following processes has Linda's neurosurgeon used?

A) Deep brain stimulation
B) Gamma knife surgery
C) Capsulotomy
D) Cingulotomy

Question 20

A form of psychiatric neurosurgery in which permanently implanted electrodes trigger responses in specific brain circuits is referred to as

A) neuromodulation.
B) gamma knife surgery.
C) capsulotomy.
D) cingulotomy.

Question 21

Sandy suffers from. Alzheimer's disease Her treatment includes the application of electrical shock to the head for the purpose of inducing therapeutically beneficial seizures. Which of the following treatments is Sandy being given?

A) Cingulotomy
B) Gamma knife surgery
C) Capsulotomy
D) Electroconvulsive therapy

Question 22

The application of an electrical current to the head to induce therapeutically effective seizures is called

A) hypnosis.
B) insulin shock therapy.
C) psychosurgery.
D) electroconvulsive therapy.

Question 23

The trait theory approach proposes that abnormality occurs when the individual has

A) maladaptive personality traits.
B) unconscious determinants of behavior.
C) an instinctual pressure for gratification of sexual and aggressive desires.
D) a motivating force oriented toward the immediate and total gratification of sensual needs and desires

Question 24

One major trait theory approach to abnormal psychology proposes that

A) there are five basic dispositions in personality.
B) there are unconscious determinants of behavior.
C) the ego is the most important aspect of personality.
D) abnormality is caused by faulty learning experiences.

Question 25

Dr. Richard treats his patients suffering from psychological disorders by probing into their dreams and looking for possible unconscious determinants of their abnormal behavior. Identify the theoretical orientation behind the process employed by Dr. Richard.

A) Biological
B) Psychodynamic
C) Behavioral
D) Supernatural

Question 26

Which of the following is one of the three personality structures described by Freud?

A) Superego
B) Archetype
C) Ideal self
D) Collective unconscious

Question 27

As stated by Freud, which of the personality structures hidden in the unconscious contains sexual and aggressive instincts?

A) Conscious
B) Ego
C) Super ego
D) Id

Question 28

According to Freud, we can obtain pleasure only when

A) the ego is encouraged to use rationality to achieve its goals.
B) the urges of the ego are repressed.
C) the tension of an unmet drive is reduced.
D) the conflict between the ego and super ego is resolved.

Question 29

The id's primal instincts are referred to as the

A) ego.
B) superego.
C) libido.
D) projection.

Question 30

Which of the following is the center of conscious awareness in the personality that gives the individual the cognitive powers of judgment, memory, perception, and decision making?

A) Ego
B) Superego
C) Libido
D) Id

Question 31

Which of the following is true of the ego?

A) It is governed by the pleasure principle.
B) It contains the sexual and aggressive instincts.
C) It uses rational, secondary process thinking to achieve its goals.
D) It is the personality's seat of morality.

Question 32

Which of the following is the personality's seat of morality?

A) Ego
B) Superego
C) Id
D) Libido

Question 33

In the context of psychoanalytic theory, which of the following is involved in the process of logical and rational problem solving?

A) Primary process thinking
B) Secondary process thinking
C) Id
D) Pleasure principle

Question 34

Which of the following personality structures described by Freud includes the conscience?

A) Ego
B) Id
C) Superego
D) Self

Question 35

What is the primary function of the superego?

A) It protects the id from anxiety.
B) It is the logical and rational structure of the personality that inhibits id impulses.
C) It is a storehouse for repressed unconscious memories from childhood.
D) It exerts control over the seeking of instinctual gratification.

Question 36

In the context of Freud's theory, protective efforts that keep unacceptable thoughts, instincts, and feelings out of conscious awareness and thus protect the ego against anxiety are referred to as

A) reality principles.
B) repair mechanisms.
C) defense mechanisms.
D) moral principles.

Question 37

Which of the following is an example of repression?

A) Kicking your dog after a hard day at work
B) Telling an individual that you despise that he/she hates you
C) Sucking your thumb as an adult
D) Forgetting the name of someone you dislike

Question 38

Ronald is bullied at school but he does not retaliate. However he goes home and aggressively hits his punching bag. Which of the following defense mechanisms is Ronald using?

A) Sublimation
B) Intellectualization
C) Repression
D) Displacement

Question 39

Karen is in her late teens. Her parents are going through a rough phase in their marriage and are contemplating divorce. Karen is emotionally disturbed and is confused as to how to react to the situation. Of late Karen has begun to wet her bed. Identify the defense mechanism that Karen is using?

A) Regression
B) Displacement
C) Intellectualization
D) Sublimation

Question 40

Which post-Freudian psychoanalyst theorized that the unconscious is formed at its very root around a set of images common to all human experience, which he called archetypes?

A) Carl Jung
B) Alfred Adler
C) Melanie Klein
D) Karen Horney

Question 41

The images common to all human experience, like "hero" and "evil," which, according to Jung, make up the deepest level of the unconscious are called

A) symbols.
B) objects.
C) archetypes.
D) icons.

Question 42

According to Horney and Adler, which of the following is the main force in personality?

A) Libido
B) Ego
C) Id
D) Superego

Question 43

According to the object relations theorists, which of the following becomes a model for all close adult relationships?

A) Relationship with the ego
B) Relationship with the caregiver
C) Relationship with the superego
D) Relationship with the id

Question 44

The way a person relates to a caregiver figure is referred to as

A) socialization.
B) attachment style.
C) displacement.
D) sublimation.

Question 45

The main goal of traditional psychoanalytic treatment was to

A) suppress the expression of abnormal sexual desires.
B) highlight the differences between the ego and the superego.
C) turn the focus of the client from the unconscious to the conscious.
D) bring repressed unconscious material into conscious awareness.

Question 46

Current psychodynamic treatment is focused on helping clients to

A) suppress the expression of abnormal sexual desires.
B) repress the desires of the id.
C) turn their focus from the unconscious to the conscious.
D) explore aspects of the self that are unconscious.

Question 47

Which of the following is true of the therapeutic method of free association?

A) The client is encouraged to say whatever comes to mind.
B) The client is encouraged to repress the desires of the id.
C) The client is discouraged from indulging in sexual fantasies.
D) The client is discouraged from bringing their unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness.

Question 48

In the context of the behavioral perspective, which of the following is considered to be the main reason behind most abnormalities?

A) Development of Oedipus complex
B) Faulty learning experiences
C) Development of Electra complex
D) Maladaptive personality traits

Question 49

_____ conditioning refers to the connection between an originally neutral stimulus and a naturally evoking stimulus that produces an automatic reflexive reaction.

A) Instrumental
B) Aversive
C) Operant
D) Classical

Question 50

Which of the following is true of classical conditioning?

A) This process involves the learning of a connection between an originally neutral stimulus and a naturally evoking stimulus that produces an automatic reflexive reaction.
B) It is a somatic treatment in which a neurosurgeon implants a microelectrode that delivers a constant low electrical stimulation to a small region of the brain.
C) It is a somatic treatment that is intended to reduce the individual's symptoms by altering the levels of neurotransmitters that are involved.
D) It is the process through which the therapist interprets the dreams of the client through hypnosis and tries to find the reason behind addictions.

Question 51

Renee is scared to stay alone at home, especially at night. She experiences a sense of fear every time she hears a clicking sound and interprets it as the sound made when someone tries to break open a lock. Although her house is in a safe locality and there has never been any instance of burglary, she is still terrified at the thought of someone breaking in. This type of learning is an example of

A) operant conditioning.
B) counter conditioning.
C) systematic desensitization.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 52

The difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that in the case of

A) operant condition, the individual associates a maladaptive response with a stimulus that is harmless.
B) classical conditioning, negative reinforcement increases the frequency of particular behaviors.
C) operant condition, an individual acquires a maladaptive response by learning to pair a behavior with its consequences.
D) classical conditioning, positive reinforcement increases the frequency of particular behaviors.

Question 53

The learning process in which an individual acquires a set of behaviors through reinforcement is known as _____ conditioning.

A) respondent
B) operant
C) classical
D) Pavlovian

Question 54

Andrew was a troublesome child and never did his homework. In an effort to encourage Andrew's interest in studies, his mother decided to give him a treat of his favorite chocolate whenever he completed his homework. After a few days, she noticed that Andrew started doing his homework regularly and did not even have to be reminded. This type of learning is an example of ________ conditioning.

A) respondent
B) operant
C) classical
D) Pavlovian

Question 55

Reinforcement is meant to _____ the frequency of a behavior.

A) increase
B) decrease
C) discourage
D) lessen

Question 56

Jane had the bad habit of biting her nails. Every time she indulged in biting her nails, her mother scolded her sternly. The result was that Jane eventually grew out of this bad habit.
This is an example of

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) positive punishment.
D) aversive conditioning.

Question 57

In order to relieve the pain of a headache, people take aspirin or some other pain reliever without consulting a physician. The removal of the headache encourages them to take an aspirin the next time they have a similar type of pain. This demonstrates

A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) punishment.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 58

Which of the following is the type of reinforcement experienced by an individual who simply watches someone else get reinforced?

A) Vicarious
B) Positive
C) Negative
D) Direct

Question 59

Danny is a novice gang member. He sees the gang leader gain the respect and praise of his fellow gang members after senselessly murdering a rival gang member. Tony subsequently starts to engage in violent activities more often. Behavioral theorists are most likely to attribute the increase in Danny's violent behavior to the effects of

A) negative reinforcement.
B) counter conditioning.
C) vicarious reinforcement.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 60

In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following is typically true?

A) A person has to directly experience reinforcement in order for it to modify his/her behavior.
B) Both negative and positive reinforcement increase the frequency of the behaviors that precede them.
C) It is a subconscious process as in the case of classical conditioning.
D) In this process, an individual associates a maladaptive response with a stimulus that is not even capable of affecting him/her in any way.

Question 61

An individual's perception of competence in various life situations is referred to as his or her

A) self-effacement.
B) self-concept.
C) self-image.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 62

Which of the following best defines counterconditioning?

A) It is the process of learning of a connection between an originally neutral stimulus and a naturally evoking stimulus that produces an automatic reflexive reaction.
B) It is the process of replacing an undesired response to a stimulus with an acceptable response.
C) It is the process of keeping unacceptable thoughts, instincts, and feelings out of conscious awareness and thus protecting the ego against anxiety.
D) It is the process of reducing the depression of an affected person by altering the levels of neurotransmitters that are involved in the disorder.

Question 63

James associates the darkness with ghosts and aliens and gets scared at night. His therapist helps him to associate the darkness with fairies and pixies in an attempt to break his fear. This method is an example of

A) token economy.
B) vicarious reinforcement.
C) counterconditioning.
D) neuromodulation.

Question 64

The behavioral therapy technique that focuses on replacing an undesired response to a stimulus with an acceptable response is known as

A) participant modeling.
B) counterconditioning.
C) contingency management.
D) token economy.

Question 65

Gina is terrified of public speaking. Her therapist asks her to provide him with a hierarchy of images associated with the fear of public speaking. Starting with the least fearful situation in the hierarchy, the therapist asks Gina to imagine that image and relax at the same time. Gradually in this manner, he makes her face different situations related to public speaking before she actually faces the public. This is an example of

A) systematic desensitization.
B) graded in vivo.
C) token economy.
D) contingency management.

Question 66

Which of the following behavioral techniques is a variant of counterconditioning that involves presenting the client with progressively more anxiety provoking images while instructing the client to relax?

A) Contingency management
B) Family therapy.
C) Token economy.
D) Systematic desensitization

Question 67

The two primary components of systematic desensitization are relaxation training and

A) repression of the subconscious.
B) construction of a hierarchy of fears.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 68

A form of behavioral therapy that involves the principle of rewarding a client for desired behaviors and not providing rewards for undesired behaviors is known as

A) neuromodulation.
B) assertiveness training.
C) participant modeling.
D) contingency management.

Question 69

Lucy suffers from alcoholism and wants to quit drinking. She goes to a therapist who charts out a schedule for her in which he specifies the reinforcements that Lucy will receive after going without a drink for a specific amount of time. This method is

A) neuromodulation.
B) electroconvulsive therapy.
C) contingency management.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 70

_____ is a form of contingency management in which a client who performs the desired activities earns chips that can later be exchanged for tangible benefits.

A) Participant modeling
B) Electroconvulsive therapy
C) Token economy
D) Person-centered therapy

Question 71

Emily's nurse gives her one star for every time that she takes her medicine on time. Ten stars can be exchanged for a toy from the hospital goodie box. This method of contingency management is known as

A) participant modeling.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) token economy.

Question 72

A form of therapy in which the client is first shown the desired behavior and then guided through the behavior change by the therapist is referred to as

A) classical conditioning.
B) participant modeling.
C) cognitive restructuring.
D) negative reinforcement.

Question 73

Thomson is a chain smoker. In an attempt to help Thomson quit smoking, his therapist demonstrates to him how a person can lead a healthy life after giving up cigarettes. This method is an example of

A) classical conditioning.
B) participant modeling.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) token economy.

Question 74

Which of the following is true of the participant modeling method?

A) In this process the client is first shown a desired behavior and then guided through the behavior change by the therapist.
B) It is asomatic treatment in which a neurosurgeon implants a microelectrode that delivers a constant low electrical stimulation to a small region of the brain.
C) It is asomatic treatment that is intended to reduce the psychological depression of an individual by altering the levels of neurotransmitters that are involved.
D) In this process the therapist interprets the dreams of the client through the process of hypnosis and tries to find the reason behind addictions.

Question 75

Which of the following theories primarily focuses on the way that people's thoughts influence their emotions?

A) Family perspective
B) Behavioral perspective
C) Cognitive perspective
D) Sociocultural perspective

Question 76

Which of the following theoretical perspectives primarily believes that abnormality is caused by maladaptive thought processes that result in dysfunctional behavior?

A) Behavioral perspective
B) Biological perspective
C) Cognitive perspective
D) Family perspective

Question 77

Which of the following is the main focus of the cognitive perspective?

A) The way a person relates to a caregiver.
B) The neurotransmitters that cause mental disorder.
C) The genetic and neurobiological causes of mental illness.
D) The way people's thoughts influence their emotions.

Question 78

In the context of the cognitive perspective, the ideas that are so deeply entrenched in an individual that the individual is not even aware that they lead to feelings of unhappiness and discouragement are referred to as

A) libido.
B) superego.
C) automatic thoughts.
D) unconditional positive regard.

Question 79

Automatic thoughts are the product of

A) the conflict between the ego and superego.
B) dysfunctional attitudes.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) positive reinforcement.

Question 80

In the context of the cognitive perspective, _____ are personal rules or values people hold that interfere with one's adequate adjustment.

A) self-efficacies
B) repressed fantasies
C) automatic thoughts
D) dysfunctional attitudes