Question 1

A key component in reporting evidence-based practice is that:&#10;A) It does not include testimonials&#10;B) It does not include evidence from practice&#10;C) It does not include clinical experiences&#10;D) It does include testimonials and clinical experiences

Accepted Answer

It does include testimonials and clinical experiences&#10;

Question 2

Using Law's hierarchy of levels of evidence which of the following are higher?&#10;A) Meta-analysis using randomized trials above a randomized control study&#10;B) Expert opinion above qualitative studies&#10;C) Qualitative studies above a randomized control study&#10;D) Nonexperimental comparative and associational studies above quasi-experimental studies

Accepted Answer

According to Law's hierarchy, meta-analyses using randomized trials are at the top because they provide the highest level of evidence due to the combination of data from multiple studies. Randomized control studies are one level below meta-analyses using randomized trials, but they are still considered high-quality studies.

B) Expert opinion is at the bottom of Law's hierarchy because it is considered the lowest level of evidence. Qualitative studies are one level above expert opinion.

C) Randomized control studies are higher than qualitative studies because they involve randomization, which helps to eliminate bias.

D) Quasi-experimental studies are considered lower quality than nonexperimental comparative and associational studies because they have more potential for bias. Therefore, nonexperimental comparative and associational studies are higher on the hierarchy.

Question 3

In evidence-based practice qualitative research is seen as:&#10;A) At the very top&#10;B) Most reliable because it is coming directly from people&#10;C) Near the bottom&#10;D) Almost the same as quasi-experimental

Accepted Answer

In evidence-based practice, qualitative research is typically seen as near the bottom in terms of reliability and level of evidence. This is because it often involves a smaller sample size, less generalizability, and a greater potential for researcher bias compared to quantitative research methods. However, this does not mean that qualitative research is not valuable or useful, and it can be particularly helpful in answering research questions related to subjective experiences and perceptions.

Question 4

Which of the following provides more evidence-based results?&#10;A) External validity high but internal validity is low&#10;B) Quasi-experimental study with low internal validity&#10;C) High internal validity but only medium external validity&#10;D) Low internal validity and medium external validity

Accepted Answer

High internal validity means that the study was well-designed to control for confounding factors and establish causality within the sample studied, while medium external validity means that the results may not generalize well to other populations or settings. While external validity is important, a study with high internal validity provides stronger evidence for a causal relationship between the exposure and outcome being studied.

Question 5

Meta-analysis is:&#10;A) A study of studies&#10;B) A systematic synthesis of several studies&#10;C) Often involves combining effect sizes&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Meta-analysis is a study of studies that involves a systematic synthesis of several studies and often involves combining effect sizes. Therefore, all of the above options are correct.

Question 6

Which of the following are more highly valued in evidence-based practice?&#10;A) A small sample size and small effect size&#10;B) A large sample size and large effect size&#10;C) A large effect size and small sample size&#10;D) Any study that reports effect size

Accepted Answer

In evidence-based practice, a large sample size and large effect size are more highly valued as they increase the statistical power of the study and increase confidence in the findings. A small effect size may not have practical significance, while a small sample size may lead to unreliable results. Option C may also be considered, but a large sample size is always preferable when available. Option D is not sufficient on its own as studies may also need to consider the quality of the study design and potential biases.

Question 7

In some fields such as occupational therapy and special needs education:&#10;A) Randomized experimental is of little value&#10;B) Quasi-experimental is of little value&#10;C) Single-subject design is often very valuable&#10;D) Survey research with large sample sizes is most valuable

Accepted Answer

Single-subject design is often used in fields such as occupational therapy and special needs education to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions for individual clients. This design allows for repeated measurement of the client's behavior, which can provide a more in-depth understanding of the intervention's impact. Randomized experimental and quasi-experimental designs may not be feasible or ethical in these fields, and survey research is not as relevant when evaluating individual interventions.

Question 8

According to your text, community-based programs such as reducing drinking and driving often use:&#10;A) Single-group time-series designs&#10;B) Randomized experimental designs&#10;C) Single-group pretest-posttest designs&#10;D) a and c

Accepted Answer

Community-based programs, such as those aimed at reducing drinking and driving, often utilize Single-group time-series designs and Single-group pretest-posttest designs. These approaches allow for the observation of changes over time within a single group, which is practical for community interventions where random assignment may not be feasible.

Question 9

The critical step in the evidence-based practice process includes:&#10;A) Converting the need for information into answerable questions&#10;B) Critically appraising evidence for its validity&#10;C) Tracking down the best practices&#10;D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

All three steps are critical in the evidence-based practice process. Converting the need for information into answerable questions helps to focus the search for evidence. Critically appraising evidence for its validity helps to determine whether the evidence is reliable and can be used in practice. Tracking down the best practices involves searching for relevant and high-quality sources of evidence. Without these steps, evidence-based practice cannot be effectively implemented.

Question 10

The Cochrane collaborative publishes:&#10;A) Meta-analysis on subjects related to medical research only&#10;B) Evidence-based practice on education related issues only&#10;C) Meta-analysis on a wide variety of subjects&#10;D) Focuses on qualitative systematic reviews

Accepted Answer

The Cochrane collaborative is known for publishing meta-analyses on a wide variety of subjects, not limited to medical research or education issues only, and primarily focuses on quantitative rather than qualitative systematic reviews.

Question 11

With community-based programs, usually randomized experimental is the most common design used.

Accepted Answer

The answer of With community-based programs, usually randomized experimental is...

Question 12

In occupational therapy research, studies utilizing a single-subject design is not of much value.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In occupational therapy research, studies utilizing a...

Question 13

In special needs research, often times a single-subject design provides more evidence toward a solution of a problem than a randomized experimental design.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In special needs research, often times a...

Question 14

Meta-analysis is the in-depth review of an article.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Meta-analysis is the in-depth review of an...

Question 15

Meta-analysis systematically combines effect sizes from different studies.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Meta-analysis systematically combines effect sizes from different...

Question 16

All things being equal, internal validity is more important in evidence-based practice than external validity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of All things being equal, internal validity is...

Question 17

In evidence-based practice expert opinion is of high value.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In evidence-based practice expert opinion is of...

Question 18

In evidence-based practice a meta-analysis of randomized studies is of little value.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In evidence-based practice a meta-analysis of randomized...

Question 19

Qualitative studies rank above quasi-experimental studies in evidence-based practice.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Qualitative studies rank above quasi-experimental studies in...

Question 20

In evidence-based practice qualitative studies are of no value.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In evidence-based practice qualitative studies are of...

Question 21

Case studies rank above expert opinion in evidence-based practice.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Case studies rank above expert opinion in...

Question 22

Comparative and associational studies rank above qualitative studies in evidence-based practice.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Comparative and associational studies rank above qualitative...

Question 23

Comparative and associational studies rank above quasi-experimental and pretest-posttest nonequivalent group design studies in evidence-based practice.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Comparative and associational studies rank above quasi-experimental...

Question 24

What is evidence-based practice?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is evidence-based practice?...

Question 25

What are the five steps in the practice of evidence-based medicine?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the five steps in the...

Question 26

Are multiple studies or single, rigorously designed studies more convincing?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Are multiple studies or single, rigorously designed...

Deck 25: Evaluating Research for Evidence-Based Practice