Deck 9: Sampling and Introduction to External Validity

Question 1

A researcher is interested in the number of college administrators in the United States who are
Asian women. Match the following concepts with the examples provided:

-All college administrators in Boston, Miami, Denver, and Seattle who are Asian women.

A) Target population
B) Accessible population
C) Selected sample
D) Actual sample

Answer 1

Accessible population

Question 2

A researcher is interested in the number of college administrators in the United States who are
Asian women. Match the following concepts with the examples provided:

-College administrators in the United States who are Asian women.

A) Target population
B) Accessible population
C) Selected sample
D) Actual sample

Answer 2

Target population

Question 3

A researcher is interested in the number of college administrators in the United States who are
Asian women. Match the following concepts with the examples provided:

-A return of 45 out of 100 questionnaires.

A) Target population
B) Accessible population
C) Selected sample
D) Actual sample

Answer 3

Actual sample

Question 4

A researcher is interested in the number of college administrators in the United States who are
Asian women. Match the following concepts with the examples provided:

-A sample of 100 college administrators in all the universities of Boston, Miami, Denver, Seattle who are Asian women.

A) Target population
B) Accessible population
C) Selected sample
D) Actual sample

Question 5

A researcher is interested in the disappearance of spotted owls from Northwestern forests. She studies 10 breeding pairs of spotted owls in Cascade National Park for one year. The 10 breeding pairs are the:

A) Target population
B) Selected sample
C) Snowball sample
D) Stratified sample

Question 6

A researcher is interested in road rage and wants to study commuters' driving behavior in different parts of the United States. She examines driving behavior in the North, South, East, and West. These geographical regions are examples of:

A) Clusters
B) Strata
C) Selected samples
D) a and c

Question 7

A researcher in Denver wants to study US HMO physicians' satisfaction with managed care. All HMO physicians are selected or sampled from 30 randomly selected cities and towns in the US. This is an example of what type of sampling technique:

A) Cluster
B) Stratified
C) Selected samples
D) a and c

Question 8

A researcher is studying the nutritional consumption of high school students during the lunch hour. He has a sample of students where each and every high school student has an equal and independent chance of being included in the sample. This is an example of:

A) Simple random sampling
B) Systematic random sampling
C) Stratified random sampling
D) Stratified random sampling with differential probabilities

Question 9

A researcher wants to sample one-fourth of a population of geriatric patients for a study on anemia. Using a random number table, he selects the second person on the list as the first participant and samples the 2^nd, 6^th, 10^th, etc. people from his sample. This is an example of what type of sampling:

A) Simple random sampling
B) Systematic random sampling
C) Stratified random sampling
D) Stratified random sampling with differential probabilities

Question 10

A researcher wants to study ethnic variations in students' study habits at a major university. There are 80% Caucasians, 10% African Americans, and 10% Hispanics at the university. The researcher wants his sample to reflect the proportions of ethnic groups at the university. He would use what type of sampling technique:

A) Simple random sampling
B) Systematic random sampling
C) Stratified random sampling
D) Stratified random sampling with differential probabilities

Question 11

A researcher is investigating the use of homeopathic remedies among different socio-economic groups. She has to over-sample Native Americans from her accessible population in order to obtain a representative sample. This is an example of what type of sampling technique:

A) Simple random sampling
B) Systematic random sampling
C) Stratified random sampling
D) Stratified random sampling with differential probabilities

Question 12

A researcher is going door-to-door to locate elderly individuals to interview for a study on aging. She has been assigned to a specific grid of city blocks. This is an example of what type of sampling technique:

A) Simple random sampling
B) Snowball sampling
C) Quota sampling
D) Purposive sampling

Question 13

A researcher is interested in the effects of miscarriage on women's self-esteem. She hand picks a group of women from a women's center in a large, urban area who are in a group support program post-miscarriage. This is an example of what type of sampling technique:

A) Simple random sampling
B) Snowball sampling
C) Quota sampling
D) Purposive sampling

Question 14

A researcher is interested in studying dual-earner Hispanic couples. She receives names of other couples from some of her interviewees. This is an example of what type of sampling technique:

A) Simple random sampling
B) Snowball sampling
C) Quota sampling
D) Purposive sampling

Question 15

Aspects of a study that may result in an unrepresentative sample include:

A) Convenience sampling
B) Poor response rate
C) High experimental mortality for some groups and not others
D) All of the above

Question 16

Ecological validity ratings are based on:

A) The naturalness of the setting
B) The representativeness of the accessible population to the target population
C) The actual sample size
D) a and c

Question 17

Match the following examples with their appropriate concepts:

-Jill wants to study 10 people from a population of 100. She has a list of everybody's names and randomly picks numbers 52, 38, 17, 90, 41, 3, 78, 12, 1, 66.

A) Purposive sampling
B) Stratified random sampling
C) Snowball sampling
D) Systematic random sampling
E) Convenience sampling
F) Simple random sampling

Question 18

Match the following examples with their appropriate concepts:

-Judy wants to study a population of new college students, N=100. She wants to study 10 students. She randomly picks a number between 1 and 10. Let's say 3. Starting with the 3^rd person on her list, she samples every 10^th person (3^rd, 13^th, 23^rd, etc.).

A) Purposive sampling
B) Stratified random sampling
C) Snowball sampling
D) Systematic random sampling
E) Convenience sampling
F) Simple random sampling

Question 19

Match the following examples with their appropriate concepts:

-Carlos wants to recruit 60% females and 40% males from a population of 365 12^th grade students. He randomly selects 66 females and 44 males.

A) Purposive sampling
B) Stratified random sampling
C) Snowball sampling
D) Systematic random sampling
E) Convenience sampling
F) Simple random sampling

Question 20

Match the following examples with their appropriate concepts:

-Rudy recruits sophomore college students from 4 accessible universities for a leadership study.

A) Purposive sampling
B) Stratified random sampling
C) Snowball sampling
D) Systematic random sampling
E) Convenience sampling
F) Simple random sampling

Question 21

Match the following examples with their appropriate concepts:

-Larry wants to survey people who have seen a rare film, "The Yellow Wombat." He finds some people who have seen it and asks them if they know others he can survey.

A) Purposive sampling
B) Stratified random sampling
C) Snowball sampling
D) Systematic random sampling
E) Convenience sampling
F) Simple random sampling

Question 22

Match the following examples with their appropriate concepts:

-Faye has a list of the county's foster care families caring for crack-addicted infants. The case manager helps her select a number of representative families to interview about their experiences with crack-addicted infants.

A) Purposive sampling
B) Stratified random sampling
C) Snowball sampling
D) Systematic random sampling
E) Convenience sampling
F) Simple random sampling

Question 23

Match the following examples with their appropriate concepts

-Sylvester Stallone only received a 10% return rate on his survey of Rambo look-alikes.

A) High ecological validity
B) High population validity
C) Low population validity
D) Low ecological validity

Question 24

Match the following examples with their appropriate concepts

-Sharon Stone used a simple random sampling technique for her study of muses.

A) High ecological validity
B) High population validity
C) Low population validity
D) Low ecological validity

Question 25

Match the following examples with their appropriate concepts

-Tom Hanks did a gumbo-eating study in New Orleans. As the tester, he had a good rapport with the people he interviewed in the city's gumbo restaurants.

A) High ecological validity
B) High population validity
C) Low population validity
D) Low ecological validity

Question 26

Match the following examples with their appropriate concepts

-A student from Brazil decided to study American Super Bowl enthusiasm. She gave a questionnaire to a group of retired kindergarten teachers at their annual potluck reunion.

A) High ecological validity
B) High population validity
C) Low population validity
D) Low ecological validity

Question 27

Representativeness is a more important consideration than sample size.

Question 28

Large samples may detect relationships that have little practical importance.

Question 29

The text provides a guideline that there should be a minimum of 30 participants per major group in a sample.

Question 30

With a simple random probability sample, the descriptive statistics also describe the population.

Question 31

With a stratified random probability sample, the results need to be weighted to adequately describe the population.

Question 32

With simple and systematic random sampling, there has to be a finite list of persons in the population.

Question 33

The assumptions of probability theory and sampling error can be applied to quota sampling.

Question 34

A convenience sample attempts to select participants who are representative of the accessible population.

Question 35

High experimental mortality for certain groups and not for others can produce a nonrepresentative sample.

Question 36

A large sample size will help detect the differences between a statistically significant finding and a meaningful finding.

Question 37

It is possible for the theoretical and accessible populations to be the same group of participants.

Question 38

There is medium population validity when the researcher makes some attempt to obtain a good sample.

Question 39

Ecological validity can be affected by the timing and length of the treatment.

Question 40

Questionnaires and surveys are generally considered to have medium ecological validity.

Question 41

Describe the differences between the theoretical or target population, the accessible population, the selected sample, and the actual sample.

Question 42

When would you use nonprobability sampling?

Question 43

What aspects can lead to an unrepresentative sample?

Question 44

In your own words, define external validity.