Deck 4: The Ethics of Crime and Justice Research

Question 1

Scientific misconduct includes ______________.

A) when a researcher fakes of invents data
B) falsely reports how research was conducted
C) stealing the ideas or writings of others
D) all of the above

Answer 1

D

Question 2

In this text, the concept of ______________ asks the question, do the potential benefits of the research outweigh the potential costs to research participants.

A) plagiarism
B) pragmatism
C) utilitarianism
D) scientific inquiry

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The "Tuskegee Study" tested men for ______________.

A) syphilis
B) aides
C) radioactive substances
D) Thalidomide

Answer 3

A

Question 4

A famous research study in which student volunteers worked in a simulated prison environment as prisoners and guards is called _______________.

A) Zimbardo Prison Experiment
B) The Attica Study
C) Humphrey's "tearoom trade"
D) Stanley Milgram's Experiment

Question 5

A famous research study in which researcher attempted to discover how people respond to the social pressure to obey authority is called _____________.

A) Zimbardo Prison Experiment
B) The Attica Study
C) Humphrey's "tearoom trade"
D) Stanley Milgram's Experiment

Question 6

____________ is an ethical principle that people should never participate in research unless they explicitly and freely agree to participate.

A) Freedom of choice
B) Voluntary consent
C) Free will
D) Determinism

Question 7

A statement, usually written, that explains aspects of a study to participants and asks for their voluntary agreement to participate before the study begins is called ________.

A) freedom of choice
B) free will document
C) permission slip
D) informed consent

Question 8

The role a field researcher adopts where he or she does not disclose to the research subjects the purpose or objective of the study is called __________.

A) covert operation
B) masked operation
C) sting operation
D) undercover operation

Question 9

The role a field researcher adopts where he or she completely disguises his or her true identity and research purposes is called _________.

A) shallow cover
B) sting operation
C) undercover operation
D) deep cover

Question 10

The ethical protection that participants remain nameless; their identity is protected from disclosure and remains unknown is called _________.

A) anonymity
B) secretiveness
C) protection
D) confidential

Question 11

The ethical protection for those who are studied by holding research data in confidence or keeping them secret from the public, not releasing information in a way that permits linking specific individuals to specific responses is called _______.

A) confidentiality
B) secretiveness
C) protection
D) privacy

Question 12

Which of the following asks Asks "do the potential benefits of the research outweigh the potential costs to research participants?"

A) Scientific Balance
B) Ethical Compass
C) Utilitarian Balance
D) Moral Compass

Question 13

Principles and guidelines developed by professional organizations to guide research practice and clarify the line between ethical and unethical behavior is called _______.

A) professionalism
B) code of ethics
C) professional conduct
D) rules of engagement

Question 14

When a researcher falsifies or distorts the data or methods of data collection, or plagiarizes the work of others it is called _______.

Question 15

When a researcher fakes or invents data that were not really collected, or falsely reports how research was conducted it is called ________.

Question 16

Fraud that occurs when a researcher steals the ideas or writings of another or uses them without citing the source is called ___________.

Question 17

Gross violations of human rights in the course of conducting scientific research are referred to as ________________.

Question 18

When the potential benefits of the research, such as advancing the understanding of crime, outweigh the potential costs to research participants, the researcher is taking a ____________ position according to this text.

Question 19

A famous research study in which student volunteers worked in a simulated prison environment as prisoners and guards is called _______________.

Question 20

A famous research study in which the researcher observed men engaging in sexual acts in a public bathroom, and then tracked them down a year later to conduct covert interviews is called _______________.

Question 21

A famous research study in which researcher attempted to discover how people respond to the social pressure to obey authority is called _____________.

Question 22

____________ is an ethical principle that people should never participate in research unless they explicitly and freely agree to participate.

Question 23

A statement, usually written, that explains aspects of a study to participants and asks for their voluntary agreement to participate before the study begins is called ________.

Question 24

The role a field researcher adopts where he or she does not disclose to the research subjects the purpose or objective of the study is called __________.

Question 25

The role a field researcher adopts where he or she completely disguises his or her true identity and research purposes is called _________.

Question 26

The role a field researcher adopts where he or she reveals research is being conducted but is vague about its details is called __________.

Question 27

When the researcher fully reveals his or her purpose and asks permission it is called ______________.

Question 28

The term _________ means the ethical protection that participants remain nameless; their identity is protected from disclosure and remains unknown.

Question 29

While studying gang members, Scott Decker saw nine of his ninety-nine gang members killed.

Question 30

There has been almost zero research atrocities conducted during the 20th century.

Question 31

From the 1940s up until the early 1970s, over ninety percent of all new pharmaceutical products were tested on prison inmates.

Question 32

In Stanley Milgram's Experiment the "teachers" rarely shocked the "students" with the higher votes.

Question 33

A researcher who covertly observes and records illegal behavior and then supplies information to law enforcement authorities, violates ethical standards regarding research participants and undermines future research.

Question 34

In the Zimbardo Prison Experiment the subjects did not have informed consent.

Question 35

In the "Tuskegee Study" the subjects did not have informed consent.

Question 36

Researchers invade a person's privacy when they probe into beliefs, backgrounds, and behaviors in a way that reveals intimate private details.

Question 37

Asking "do the potential benefits of the research outweigh the potential costs to research participants" refers to the scientific balance.

Question 38

The Institutional Review Board is responsible for examining research proposals that only contain human subjects in order to protect the liability of the researcher?

Question 39

List and explain the fifteen general ethical research principles in the text.

Question 40

Compare and contrast the ethical issues associated with the Zimbardo Prison Experiment, Stanley Milgram's study, and the tea-room trade of Laud Humphreys.

Question 41

Discuss the importance of confidentiality and anonymity for human subjects, research protocols, and researchers.

Question 42

Explain and discuss the implications of covert observation, deep cover, shallow cover, and explicit cover.