Deck 7: Causal Reasoning and the Human Brain

Question 1

According to Leslie, pretend play requires ___ abilities. For example, the child has to be able to decouple the primary sensory representation of an object (e.g. banana) from its pretend representation (e.g. telephone).

Answer 1

metarepresentational

Question 2

Meltzoff has argued that ___ is crucial for helping infants develop an understanding of mental states and representations.

Answer 2

imitation

Question 3

According to Wellman and colleagues, early psychological understanding (2 years) is and based on ___

Answer 3

desires

Question 4

According to Dennett, successful reasoning about ___ beliefs is the only convincing evidence of a theory of mind.

Question 5

The context of ___ in the classic false-belief task could have misled children into thinking they were being asked where Maxi would need to look for his chocolate rather than where he thought his chocolate was.

Question 6

Russell, Mauthner, Sharpe, and Tidswell's (1991) "windows task" showed that children find it difficult to inhibit pointing to a ___ object.

Question 7

Flavell, Flavell, and Green's experiment (1983) showed that whereas 4- and 5-year-olds rarely confused ___ and reality, 3-year-olds often did so.

Question 8

The "false___ "task examines children's ability to reason about two competing pictorial representations.

Question 9

Woolfe, Want, and Siegal (2002) found that ___ deaf signers performed at a similar level as their 4-year-old hearing peers in false belief tasks, but that late deaf signers did not.

Question 10

Between 20 to 28 months, children's use labels for their own states, or "___ state language" increases.

Question 11

Dunn, Brown, and Beardsall (1991) showed that the amount of ___ state talk in early family conversations was related to children's later emotional understanding and understanding of false belief.

Question 12

Meins has proposed that caregivers' ___ --whether they treat young children as individual with minds-is important in children's metarepresentational development.

Question 13

A core notion in attachment theory is the "internal ___ model" of the self, which is thought to be developed from parenting experiences.

Question 14

Meins and Fernyhough (1999) found that mothers of ___ attached infants were more likely to be mind-minded.

Question 15

In Sutton, Smith, and Sweetenham's (1999) study, ___ showed theory of mind skills that were superior to those of their followers and victims.

Question 16

Hughes, Dunn, and White (1998) found that hard-to-manage preschoolers found it easier to pass the false-belief task when it involved a ___ surprise.

Question 17

A belief ___ is an utterance that reflects the speaker's beliefs about the world.

Question 18

Young children can confuse the pretend and the real, particularly in situations of ___ pretence.

Question 19

Rizzolatti and colleagues have identified a "___ neuron" system that represents action in both monkeys and man.

Question 20

Tai et al. (2004) has demonstrated that the mirror neuron system responds specifically to ___ actions.