Deck 6: Language Acquisition

Question 1

In picture reasoning tasks with children, the picture sequence "broken cup" to "whole cup" is an example of a noncanonical to ___ sequence.

Answer 1

canonical

Question 2

When asked to say whether two events can be causally related, adults are usually faster to verify statements in a predictive condition than a ___ condition.

Answer 2

diagnostic

Question 3

In Bullock and Gelman's "jack-in-the-box" experiment, children were able to attribute causality using ___ ordering cues even though the causal agent was physically separated in the apparatus.

Answer 3

temporal

Question 4

The ___ principle states that X (cause) must precede Y (effect) in time.

Question 5

The covariation principle states that X (cause) should vary ___ and predictably with Y (effect).

Question 6

The temporal contiguity principle states that X (cause) and Y (effect) must be contiguous in time and ___.

Question 7

In the absence of information about temporal contiguity or covariation, children tend to make causal inferences on the basis of ___ between cause and effect.

Question 8

Causal Bayes nets are mathematical learning ___ that can induce causal structures from covariation data.

Question 9

Causal Bayes nets can demonstrate the causal distinction between seeing and ___, i.e. observation vs. intervention.

Question 10

Reasoning about ___ transmission requires a transitive inference and an understanding of physical causal contingencies.

Question 11

According to Kuhn and colleagues, "___ thinking" requires the co-ordination and differentiation of theories and evidence, and the evaluation of hypotheses via evidence and experimentation.

Question 12

The "___ bias" is a tendency to seek causal evidence that confirm one's prior beliefs.

Question 13

___ proposed that children's reasoning in the balance scale task was characterized by a developmental progression through the use of four different rules combining weight and distance information.

Question 14

According to Pauen, children use spontaneous analogies in their reasoning about physical laws. These analogies can sometimes be ___.

Question 15

Children's implicit understanding of dimensional interrelations is an example of naïve ___.

Question 16

When reasoning about projectile motion, children and adults may employ a pre-Newtonian "___theory". This assumes that each motion must have a cause.

Question 17

In the "tubes task", Hood found that younger children tended to commit the "___ error": They expected a ball to fall straight down when it was dropped into a maze of tubes.

Question 18

Action tasks and ___ tasks may provide different measures of intuitive physical knowledge.

Question 19

It is likely that the brain maintains both naïve and correct scientific theories and ___ the inappropriate theory during scientific reasoning.

Question 20

In their fMRI study, Fugelsang and Dunbar showed that ___ was important in explanation-based causal reasoning.