Deck 7: Performance Improvement Through Quantitative Biomechanical Models

Question 1

Which of the following relationships between a performance variable and the performance criterion is most difficult to linearise?

A) Linear
B) Quadratic
C) Logarithmic
D) Inverse-U

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the restrictions on the generality of the results of a single-individual study?

A) There are no restrictions
B) The results relate only to that individual
C) The results can be generalised only to individuals of the same standard of performance
D) The results can only be generalised to individuals of the same sex

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What statistical technique is normally used in the contrasting group approach to statistical modelling?

A) ANOVA
B) t-tests
C) Regression analysis
D) Chi-squared

Answer 3

A

Question 4

In multiple regression research designs, what is the minimum desirable number of trials per predictor variable often used as a rule-of-thumb?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 100
D) 10

Question 5

In multiple single-individual designs, which of the following would be an acceptable combination of trials and performers?

A) 3 trials by each of 3 performers
B) 5 trials by each of 5 performers
C) 10 trials by each of 10 performers
D) 2 trials by each of 6 performers

Question 6

Which of the following is the best approach to establishing critical features for a subjectively judged sport, such as gymnastics?

A) Deterministic modelling
B) A constraints-led approach
C) Using an elite-performer template
D) Using the judging criteria for the sport

Question 7

Which of these is one of the two basic rules of deterministic (or hierarchical) modelling)?

A) All the boxes in level 2 are linked to all the boxes in level 1
B) The boxes in level 2 are, if possible, a sub-division of the performance criterion
C) All boxes on one level are dependent on all the other boxes on the same level
D) None of these

Question 8

Which data capture method is most widely used in research in quantitative biomechanical modelling?

A) Force platforms
B) Electromyography
C) Manual coordinate digitising of video
D) Automatic marker-tracking systems

Question 9

Which of the following are possible limitations of non-systematic research designs?

A) An increased Type I error rate
B) Misidentification of underlying relationships between variables
C) Uncontrolled physiological or anthropometric variables
D) All of these

Question 10

Which of the following best encapsulates the stages of comprehensive computer simulations?

A) Modelling and simulation
B) Modelling, simulation and optimisation
C) Modelling, simulation, simulation evaluation and optimisation
D) None of these

Question 11

Which of the following sets of possible javelin release parameters, in addition to release speed, was included in the study of Best et al. (1995)?

A) Spin, yaw and angle
B) Angle, angle of attack and height
C) Pitch, spin and angle
D) Pitch, angle and angle of attack

Question 12

From figure 7.7 in the text, which of the following combinations of release angle and release angle of attack would give a throw of about 92.9 m?

A) (30, 0), (35, -10), (32, -5)
B) (35, 0), (30, -10), (32, -5)
C) (35, -5), (30, -10), (32, 0)
D) (31, -2), (32, -6), (33, -7)

Question 13

How did Best et al. (1995) evaluate their javelin flight model?

A) By constructing and using an air-propelled javelin gun?
B) By using throws from the 1991 World Student Games
C) By using throws from the 1992 Olympic Games
D) They didn't evaluate their model

Question 14

Which of the following are explicitly contained in the simple schematic model of human muscle?

A) Contractile component and series and parallel elastic components
B) Contractile component and series and parallel plastic components
C) Cross-bridge, sarcolemma and tendon elastic components
D) None of these

Question 15

What does PS represent in the triceps brachii model of Hatze (1981)?

A) The cross-bridge elastic element
B) The tendon series elastic element
C) The sarcolemma parallel elasticity
D) The contractile component

Question 16

Which of the following experimental observations were used in the study of Hatze (1981) to validate his model of the triceps brachii?

A) Stationary torque outputs at constant activation levels
B) Electromyograms at linearly increasing muscle lengths
C) Constant maximum isometric torques at various muscle lengths, quasi-stationary torque outputs at various activation levels, and linearly increasing torque outputs
D) Varying maximum isometric torques at constant muscle lengths

Question 17

Which of the following statements might explain the lack of use of Expert Systems in sports biomechanics compared to gait analysis?

A) Patient health in gait analysis helps to attract funding
B) Clinicians in gait analysis are expensive
C) Gait analysis is a confined expert domain with many experts
D) All of these

Question 18

Which of the following statements best summarises the research done into movement coordination and variability using artificial neural networks?

A) There is a general optimum movement pattern for all performers
B) Movement coordination is individual-specific and variable from trial to trial
C) Each performer has an individual-specific movement patterns that is repeated identically from trial to trial
D) It shows nothing about movement coordination at all

Question 19

Which of the following statements best summarises the findings of Lamb et al. (2010) on basketball shooting?

A) Two of the four players showed more similarity between the three-point throw and the hook shot than between the three-point shot and the free throw
B) All four players showed most similarity between the three-point throw and the hook shot
C) All four players showed most similarity between the three-point shot and the free throw
D) All four players showed most similarity between the free throw and the hook shot

Question 20

In their study of golf chipping, what did Lamb et al. (2011) find from the attractor landscapes of the four golfers they studied?

A) All players moved from a bistable to a monostable pattern as chipping distance increased.
B) All players moved from a monostable to a bistable pattern as chipping distance increased
C) All players showed a clear non-linear phase transition through the middle distances
D) The attractor landscapes differed very much between individual players