Deck 4: Enlightenment and Early Traditions

Question 1

Classicism had much less of a focus on the criminal per se and it had little concern with establishing the causes of crime.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The view that human beings have ´free will´ - human actions are not simply determined by inside or outside ´forces´ but result from freely made personal decisions. What does this mean for the study of criminology?

Answer 2

No Answer

Question 3

David Matza, in an opening chapter of his classic book, Delinquency and Drift (1964) summarized the positivist view (of which he was very critical) using three of the following:

A)´The criminal is a specific type of person´
B)The criminal is created by his (sic) environment´
C)The criminal can be cured´
D)´The criminal differs from others´
E)´The criminal is ""driven"" into crime through factors outside his or her control´

Answer 3

A, D, E

Question 4

The ´Back to Justice model suggested by Von Hirsch and his colleagues claimed that ´The severity of punishment should be commensurate with the seriousness of the wrong´ (Von Hirsch, 1976: 66), arguing that which of these should apply?

A)The degree of likelihood that the offender might return to crime should be irrelevant to the choice of sentence. He should be sentenced on what he has done
B)Indeterminate sentences should be abolished. Particular crimes merit particular punishments, and offenders should know what they will get
C)Sentencing discretion should be sharply reduced. A system of standardized penalties should be introduced
D)Imprisonment should be limited to serious offences - usually crimes leading to serious harm
E)Milder penalties should not claim to rehabilitate, but simply be less severe punishments

Question 5

Sociologist Peter Hamilton (1996) has suggested that the ´Enlightenment mind' valued ten features: which of these five is not one of them?

A)Reason
B)Empiricism
C)Universalism
D)Interpretivism
E)Freedom

Question 6

Bentham argued that punishments should be calculated to inflict pain in direct proportion to what?

A)The amount stolen
B)The age of the offender
C)The damage done to the public interest
D)The severity of the offence
E)The size of the profit made

Question 7

Although Lombroso's experimental work was flawed he is still credited with re-focusing criminological thinking from the workings of the criminal law to an understanding of the criminal what?

A)Mind
B)Person
C)Thief
D)Class
E)Type

Question 8

Beccaria started to develop his ideas in a classic text. What was this called?

A)Ad majorem Dei gloriam
B)Dei delitti e delle pene
C)Deo Optimo Maximo
D)Non omnis moriar
E)Absentem laedit cum ebrio qui litigat

Question 9

Cesare Lombroso (1796-1874) was a leading nineteenth-century statistician. Developing a theory of social mechanics, he believed that statistical research could outline the average features of a population, and that it would hence be possible to discover the underlying regularities for both normal and abnormal behaviour.

Question 10

What are the problems with the positivist model?