Deck 9: Organizational and Systems Consultation OSC

Question 1

Organizational/Systems Consultation (OSC) draws upon the interrelationships between embedded social systems in schools and communities in the _______________ theoretical perspective.

A) ecological-developmental
B) family systems
C) social constructivist
D) behavioral

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Before OSC can be attempted, there must be ________________________ in order for change to occur.

A) motivation of critical stakeholders
B) organizational readiness
C) organizational stability
D) organizational support

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Zins and Illback (1995) describe the processes of planning, initiation, and implementation as occurring during ____________ of the OSC process.

A) Stage One
B) Stage Two
C) Stage Three
D) Stage Four

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Zins and Ponti (1990) report that OC efforts frequently fail due to:

A) The organizational assessment did not fully identify the problem or the needs of the system
B) The issue of readiness for change was not considered
C) The intervention strategies were inadequately specified and implemented
D) All of the above

Question 5

Many of the methods used to improve multicultural awareness and understanding can be developed through OSC, including:

A) establishing research-based programs that are responsive to the needs of diverse students and their families
B) using culturally-relevant pedagogy
C) implementing culturally-specific interventions
D) all of the above

Question 6

Unlike consultation in a traditional dyadic relationship, in OSC, it may be unclear who the client is; therefore, it is important to prioritize ethical considerations. Which of the following is not an ethical consideration that should be explicitly discussed?

A) Confidentiality
B) Informed consent
C) Dual relationships
D) Power

Question 7

Effective processes for implementing evidence-based treatments into practice with fidelity and sustainability have been studied, and are called ___________________.

A) treatment integrity
B) efficacy checks
C) implementation science
D) action research

Question 8

Implementation of a systems change initiative requires a common set of core components, implementation drivers, to be used. Which of the following are the drivers that are used:

A) Competency drivers (i.e., selection, training, coaching, and performance evaluation)
B) Organization drivers (i.e., systems intervention, facilitative administration, and decision support data systems)
C) Leadership drivers (i.e., technical and adaptive)
D) All of the above

Question 9

In the model, Ecological Oriented Consultation (OSC), while the focus is upon the system, individuals' needs must also be addressed, and thus their wellbeing is a consideration of the model, ___________________ , in which members of the organization can learn and change based upon support they receive just beyond their current level of knowledge or skills.

A) Rogers's unconditional positive regard
B) Vygotsky's notion of the zone of proximal development
C) Bandura's reciprocal determinism
D) Skinner's differential reinforcement

Question 10

Meyers et al. (2009) indicates that there are two types of organizational consultation; a focus on the general problems in organizational processes and infrastructure, such as communication issues, known as _________________________ and a focus on improving specific aspects of the work of the system, ______________________.

A) consultee-centered organizational consultation; program-centered organizational consultation
B) consultee-centered administrative consultation; ecological-focused organizational consultation
C) consultee-centered case consultation; consultee-centered systems consultation
D) collaborative consultee consultation; industrial/organizational systems consultation

Question 11

Organizational consultants must be adept in communicating with others in order to effectively engage participants (Schein, 1988). Which of the following are the communication skills that are needed to successfully consult in a system?

A) Empathy
B) An open invitation to talk
C) Facilitative confrontation skills
D) All of the above

Question 12

What are the stages of school-based organizational consultation?

A) Problem definition, assessment, generation of solutions, evaluation
B) Problem definition, rapport building, assessment, intervention selection, intervention evaluation
C) Entry, problem definition, needs assessment, intervention, evaluation
D) Entry, problem definition, assessment, generation of solutions, outcome evaluation

Question 13

________________________ is a cyclical problem-solving framework for guiding the process of collaborative consultation for system-level reforms.

A) Collaborative administration consultation
B) Collaborative strategic planning
C) Consultee-centered strategic planning
D) Consultee-centered organizational consultation

Question 14

Data-based problem identification involves collecting two sources of information:

A) Evidence of the outcomes of a problem and the identification of criteria for success
B) Empirical information about the problem and the willingness of consultees to address it
C) The description of the expectations for performance and information that elucidates actual student performance
D) The description of the expectations for performance and task analysis of the preferred outcome variables

Question 15

In organizational consultation, when data are gathered at a school level (i.e., universal screening), they should be easy to collect and to interpret, provide valid and reliable information about core academic and social skills, have clear, empirically-supported goals relating to important student outcomes, and be repeatable over time. If these criteria are met, it is then easy to:

A) create objective and measurable problem identification statements
B) prioritize goals from least to most achievable
C) sequence goals from "must do" to "might do"
D) develop an empirically-defined problem definition

Question 16

In Organizational Development, organizational change is viewed as a parallel process of two trends:

A) Discontinuous, evolving, intermittent change, and episodic, incremental change
B) Discontinuous, successive approximations toward change and evolving yet continuous change
C) Continuous, incremental, and evolving change and episodic, intermittent, and discontinuous change
D) Continuous, ground roots movement creating zeitgeist and episodic, intermittent, responses as a check and balance

Question 17

Match the theorist to his or her or their ideas about the skills necessary for OD consultants to be effective:
-Process skills of individual and group dynamics

A) Warwick and Donovan (1979)
B) Nielsen (1984)
C) Carey and Varney (1983)
D) Esper (1990)

Question 18

Match the theorist to his or her or their ideas about the skills necessary for OD consultants to be effective:
-Self- and interpersonal-awareness

A) Warwick and Donovan (1979)
B) Nielsen (1984)
C) Carey and Varney (1983)
D) Esper (1990)

Question 19

Match the theorist to his or her or their ideas about the skills necessary for OD consultants to be effective:
-Knowledge, consulting, conceptual, human skills

A) Warwick and Donovan (1979)
B) Nielsen (1984)
C) Carey and Varney (1983)
D) Esper (1990)

Question 20

Match the theorist to his or her or their ideas about the skills necessary for OD consultants to be effective:
-Project management skills

A) Warwick and Donovan (1979)
B) Nielsen (1984)
C) Carey and Varney (1983)
D) Esper (1990)

Question 21

Schmuck (1995) argues that ODC procedures are more likely to be employed in school systems if a group of members internal to the organization function as _________________.

A) Consultative facilitators
B) Expert resources
C) A liaison between administration and educators
D) Administrative oversight

Question 22

In using ODC, which of the following is not suggested for the team of facilitators?

A) Appoint a coordinator to serve full-time
B) Include at least ten members throughout the school system who perform different roles, including teachers, counselors, and school psychologists, etc.
C) Designate team members to work part-time (10%-15% of their time) as facilitators
D) Allow team members to respond to requests instead of assigning duties, but do advertise the group's services and offer demonstrations

Question 23

When implementation standards are not being met, organizational obstacles preventing strong implementation of interventions should be assessed. Such a process is termed ________________ (Lewin, 1951), and is used to identify the environmental forces impeding innovation.

A) trouble-shooting
B) systems analysis
C) force field analysis
D) applied analytics

Question 24

In Intervention Assistance Consultation (IAC), theorists discuss the elements of the process interventions that are helpful in improving the functioning of a school organization. List and briefly explain four of the specific techniques used in process interventions:

Question 25

What are job design interventions?

Question 26

What are the steps necessary to engage in program evaluation and accountability?

Question 27

When individuals in a system are not performing adequately, deficiency evaluations, remediation, or even termination may be considered. What processes should be followed when these outcomes are being considered?

Question 28

Given the extensiveness of this process and the large number of personnel involved, it is not surprising that OC efforts implemented through OSC seem to fail as often as they succeed. List the reasons that OSC efforts frequently fail.

Question 29

When determining who the client is in OSC, Fuqua and colleagues (2012) recommend consideration of 13 factors. Please discuss at least three of these recommendations and how they would be executed in a school system.

Question 30

An ecological understanding of the role of the consultant prompts him or her to develop skills in order to navigate the complex set of roles and relationships within school systems. What are these?

Question 31

One of the uses of OSC is to address issues of equity for families in school systems. What are the considerations that require organizational change and strategic planning?

Question 32

How does Bronfenbrenner's (1979) ecological-developmental perspective relate to the strategies used by organizational consultants?

Question 33

Why does the multiple level problem-solving inherent in MTSS fit well with OSC?

Question 34

Discuss the common components of the IAC and OD models.

Question 35

While the focus of EOC is upon the system, individuals' needs must also be addressed, and thus their wellbeing is a consideration of the model. How does the organizational consultant satisfy this imperative?