Deck 2: Theoretical Perspectives on Maladaptive Behavior

Question 1

Which of the following is not true of theories?

A) Theories are created to organize information and explain its meaning.
B) Theories are complete because once a concept is explained, change in the concept is rare.
C) Theories can explain why clinical disorders occur.
D) Theories can assist in treatment of clinical disorders.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Two psychologists are set to debate their views on the causes of abnormal behavior. One of them describes his position as "emphasizing our uniqueness as individuals and our freedom to make our own decisions." The other describes her view as "examining how the environment influences behavior." Which two theories of abnormal psychology are represented by these two psychologists?

A) cognitive and biological
B) cognitive and behavioral
C) community-cultural and cognitive
D) humanistic-existential and behavioral

Answer 2

D

Question 3

You are listening to a program in which several psychologists describe their theoretical viewpoints. One of them says she represents a theoretical approach that has led to therapeutic techniques for changing unrealistic ideas. Which theoretical approach does she represent?

A) cognitive
B) behavioral
C) psychodynamic
D) community-cultural

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Sara was in an automobile accident and sustained head trauma. In an effort to evaluate her condition, she will be given a Position Emission Tomography (PT) scan and a computerized tomography (CT) scan. The results of the scans will be used to initiate a treatment plan. The model used to understand her condition is the:

A) community-cultural perspective
B) humanistic-existential perspective
C) cognitive perspective
D) biological perspective

Question 5

Sam had recently lost his job. As a result of losing his job, he did not eat or sleep well, and he was always ill. As a result, he had a high fever caused by an infection. He was hospitalized for several days. His maladaptive behavior can be understood through which perspective?

A) community-cultural
B) biological
C) psychodynamic
D) behavioral

Question 6

Which perspective looks at maladaptive behavior as a joint product of disordered processes in the body, in psychological functioning, and in the social environment?

A) biological
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioral
D) cognitive

Question 7

How many chromosomes are there in each cell of the human body?

A) 10
B) 23
C) 46
D) 50

Question 8

What is the chromosomal abnormality associated with Down syndrome?

A) an extra Y chromosome
B) a broken branch on the Y chromosome
C) three #21 chromosomes instead of two
D) 24 rather than 23 pairs of chromosomes

Question 9

What are the units that make up chromosomes?

A) neurons
B) genes
C) loci
D) karyotypes

Question 10

A karyotype is a map of

A) genes
B) chromosomes
C) amino acids on DNA
D) the double helix of DNA and RNA

Question 11

What is a genome?

A) a very small gene
B) a chromosomal karyotype
C) a complete set of a person's genes
D) a mutated gene that has been replaced

Question 12

What is the basis for the action of the genes?

A) DNA
B) locus
C) karyotype
D) chromosome

Question 13

Elaine's parents were both athletes in college as were her grandparents. Her parents have tried to convince her to participate in sports, and cannot understand why she has little interest. More specifically, they cannot understand why she is not more physically developed as a potential athlete since most members of the family are athletic. What term provides an explanation for this dilemma?

A) penetrance
B) heritability
C) genetics
D) hormones

Question 14

An expert was invited to campus to discuss current research on population genetics. During the question and answer period, he was asked to comment on the importance of population genetics. What is he likely to say?

A) "It provides tools to control overpopulation."
B) "It allows researchers to map the karyotype."
C) "It is used to predict the occurrence of disorders."
D) "It is helpful in protecting species that are close to extinction."

Question 15

Which individuals are most susceptible to Tay-Sachs disease?

A) Japanese
B) North Africans
C) Scandinavians
D) European Jews

Question 16

Which technique is frequently used by behavioral geneticists?

A) Mapping the human genome
B) Microscopic examination of chromosomes
C) Comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins
D) Treating genetically-caused behavior problems

Question 17

_________is the study of the effects of genetic inheritance on behavior which _____________accesses information used in predicting the incidence of certain genetically carried disorders

A) population genetics; behavior genetics
B) behavior genetics; medical genetics
C) population genetics; penetrance
D) behavior genetics; population genetics

Question 18

Seth has Tay-Sachs disease. He wants to marry but is fearful of his children contracting the disease. Seth has volunteered for a research study. What field would be used?

A) behavior genetics
B) pedigree studies
C) population genetics
D) medical studies

Question 19

A researcher studies the rate of a rare blood disease among monozygotic and dizygotic twins. She finds a much higher rate of concordance in the monozygotic twins. What might she conclude?

A) Both parents must be carriers of the disease.
B) Genetic factors play a strong role in this disorder.
C) The disorder is due to a chromosomal abnormality.
D) There are few, if any, environmental influences on this disorder.

Question 20

If only one twin has a certain disease, the twin pair is said to be

A) fraternal.
B) penetrant.
C) karyotypic.
D) discordant.

Question 21

What do schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, major affective disorder, and reading disability have in common?

A) chromosomal abnormalities
B) low twin concordance rates
C) substantial genetic influence
D) more common now than in the past

Question 22

After a class in developmental psychology, a student asked the professor a question concerning the effects of the environment on the student and her brother. When answering the question the professor said, "The research seems to indicate that nonshared environment plays a significant role in the development of siblings." What was the professor suggesting in his answer to this student's question?

A) Siblings have to compete for space and resources.
B) Siblings in a family do not share 100% of their genes.
C) Each child has an environment that differs from his/her siblings.
D) Children in a family share an environment different from other families.

Question 23

Rose has been healthy her entire life. However, she has begun to experience changes in her behavior and through processes. She has noticed that, under stress, these changes occur. This is an example of:

A) changes in the nervous system
B) gene expression
C) behavior genetics
D) population genetics

Question 24

A researcher has been investigating difference in personality among family members. The difference among family members in regard to personality traits is accounted for by a combination of genetic differences among the children and the unique relationships of each child. The unique relationships among the children is an example of the:

A) shared environment
B) nature - nurture controversy
C) nonshared environment
D) None of the above.

Question 25

Sam is experiencing difficulty with voluntary muscle movement. The system affected is:

A) somatic system
B) central nervous system
C) autonomic system
D) cerebral cortex

Question 26

The fundamental unit of the entire nervous system is the:

A) axon
B) dendrite
C) synapse
D) neuron

Question 27

The ___________is a long extension of a neuron while shorter extensions are called _______________.

A) dendrites; axon
B) axon; dendrites
C) axon; neurotransmitters
D) neurotransmitter; dendrites

Question 28

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for regulating glands and internal organs?

A) limbic system
B) central system
C) somatic system
D) autonomic system

Question 29

Which of the following is the best description of neurotransmitters?

A) brain neurons
B) psychoactive drugs
C) electrical discharges
D) chemicals that carry signals

Question 30

Which of the following correctly matches a neurotransmitter with the disorder it influences?

A) GABA - schizophrenia
B) dopamine - schizophrenia
C) acetylcholine - panic disorder
D) serotonin - generalized anxiety disorder

Question 31

What is the gap between two nerve cells?

A) axon
B) dendrite
C) synapse
D) neurotransmitter

Question 32

An explosion at an industrial plant caused a piece of metal to be shot through the skull of one of the workers who was immediately taken to the emergency room. He was in great pain, but awake and able to speak to the emergency room staff. Despite the severe nature of the injury, it is not life threatening. In fact, the injury is remarkably similar to injuries suffered by Phineas Gage. Based on this case, what would you tell the man's family about the outcome they might expect?

A) He will have difficulty with his sense of vision.
B) He will have problems with short-term memory.
C) He will exhibit a heightened degree of emotional instability.
D) He will develop symptoms similar to those found in schizophrenia.

Question 33

What part of the brain controls the distinctly human behaviors and cognitive abilities?

A) cerebellum
B) limbic system
C) cerebral cortex
D) autonomic nervous system

Question 34

What does an electroencephalogram (EEG) measure?

A) motor movement
B) activity of brain cells
C) size of the cerebral cortex
D) neurotransmitters in the synapse

Question 35

An EEG technician is giving a lecture to students from the local university. She points out several of the different brain waves, and shows a record with an abundance of delta waves. She asks the students what the person might be doing. Which of the following is most likely to be correct?

A) This person is in deep sleep.
B) This person is either writing a letter or speaking to someone.
C) This person is relaxing and not thinking of anything in particular.
D) The person is in a coma and is completely unresponsive to the environment.

Question 36

What is the primitive part of the cerebral cortex that is associated with emotional and motivational functions?

A) cerebellum
B) limbic system
C) pituitary gland
D) corpus callosum

Question 37

Which of the following could be described as part of the primitive lower part of the cortex that is associated with emotional and motivational functions?

A) cerebellum
B) parietal lobe
C) limbic system
D) corpus callosum

Question 38

A rat will continue to press a bar in order to receive stimulation to the reward center of the brain, even if it means going without food. What part of the brain is involved?

A) cerebellum
B) limbic system
C) cerebral cortex
D) corpus callosum

Question 39

What are the natural pain relievers produced by the brain?

A) hormones
B) endocrines
C) endorphins
D) neuropeptides

Question 40

The ability of the nervous system to change in response to stimulation is:

A) brain plasticity
B) neural plasticity
C) endorphins
D) neurogenesis

Question 41

You are paging through a journal on physiology and come across an article on the topic of neurogenesis. The term is new to you so you look it up and find that the article probably deals with

A) production of new brain cells.
B) genes responsible for brain development.
C) the delicate balance between sleep and waking.
D) hormonal imbalances that lead to brain degeneration.

Question 42

How do endocrine glands deliver their products to other parts of the body?

A) through ducts
B) in cerebral spinal fluid
C) by way of neurotransmitters
D) directly into the bloodstream

Question 43

How does the endocrine system affect the body's response to stress?

A) mobilizes physical resources
B) increases likelihood of infection
C) speeds delivery of cerebral spinal fluid
D) increases electrical activity in the brain

Question 44

The chemicals corticotrophin - factor, adrenocorticotrophichormone, and adrenal corticosteroids are associated with the ___________during stress response.

A) endocrine system
B) neurogenesis
C) hypothalamus
D) cerebral cortex

Question 45

Which of the following is a good indicator of the degree of stress experienced by an individual?

A) serotonin levels
B) cerebral spinal fluid
C) brain electrical activity
D) adrenal corticosteroids

Question 46

The adrenal cortex is important for the

A) stress response.
B) DNA replication.
C) regulation of brain cell activity.
D) replacing the neurotransmitter serotonin.

Question 47

What part of the brain releases corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) during the stress response?

A) thyroid
B) pituitary
C) hypothalamus
D) adrenal cortex

Question 48

During the stress response, the hypothalamus releases a substance that acts on what part of the brain?

A) thyroid
B) pituitary
C) pancreas
D) substantia nigra

Question 49

Researchers are looking for subjects to examine and participate in a study to understand the relationship between the structure and function of the brain and the subject's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. These researchers are from the filed of:

A) neuropsychology
B) neuroscience
C) genetic medicine
D) neuropathology

Question 50

Which of the following are functions of the neurosciences?

A) Protection of a healthy brain and to heal the brain when it is ill.
B) Clarification of how the brain functions as a molecular-cellular machine.
C) Understand and view the brain as a highly complex and flexible information system.
D) All of the above are functions of the neurosciences.

Question 51

Sixty-year-old Sam is part of a research program designed to predict future diseases and disorders from brain scans completed yearly. If researchers determine that the brain scans reveal a loss of cells in the substantia nigra, which disorder would they predict that Sam will develop?

A) PKU
B) Tay-Sachs
C) Alzheimer's disease
D) Parkinson's disease

Question 52

"Shaking palsy" was another name for

A) syphilis.
B) schizophrenia.
C) Alzheimer's disease.
D) Parkinson's disease.

Question 53

How does L-dopa help people with Parkinson's disease?

A) acts as a tranquilizer
B) causes a genetic mutation
C) corrects a neurochemical deficiency
D) changes electrical activity in the brain

Question 54

What was the first neuroimaging technique used to study abnormal behavior?

A) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
B) computerized axial tomography (CT)
C) positron emission tomography (PET)
D) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)

Question 55

Which brain imaging technique has the capacity to examine brain anatomy visually and to measure it quantitatively?

A) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
B) computerized axial tomography (CT)
C) positron emission tomography (PET)
D) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)

Question 56

What is the most costly and complex neuroimaging technique?

A) computed tomography (CT)
B) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
C) positron emission tomography (PT)
D) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)

Question 57

Which neuroimaging technique measures cerebral blood flow?

A) computed tomography (CT)
B) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
C) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)
D) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

Question 58

Which of the following are cells found in the immune system?

A) neurons
B) antigens
C) lymphocytes
D) adrenocorticoids

Question 59

The immune system must recognize and remove foreign materials called

A) antigens.
B) lymphocytes.
C) adrenocorticoids.
D) positron emissions.

Question 60

How do stress and emotional factors suppress immunological responses?

A) through hormonal changes
B) by increasing endorphin levels
C) by decreasing neuronal activity
D) through damage to the cell walls

Question 61

Which of the following disciplines simultaneously studies the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems?

A) neuroscience
B) neuropathology
C) psychoneuroimmunology
D) psychoneurophysiology

Question 62

If a drug acts as (an) _________________, it blocks a neurotransmitter's action. Similarly, an ______________ disrupts the action of a neurotransmitter.

A) agonist; antagonist
B) endocrine agent; action synapses
C) antagonist; agonist
D) agonist; endocrine agent

Question 63

Larry's mother recently died of cancer. He became quite ill, and had difficulty getting better. What system would be affected by the loss of Larry's mother?

A) peripheral system
B) endocrine system
C) immune system
D) autonomic system

Question 64

Which perspective examines thought and emotions as important causes of behavior?

A) humanistic
B) biological
C) psychodynamic
D) cognitive

Question 65

The psychodynamic approach assumes that all observable behavior is a function of

A) free will.
B) errors in logic.
C) reinforcement history.
D) intrapsychic processes.

Question 66

Before developing psychoanalysis, what technique did Sigmund Freud use to study emotional disorders?

A) hypnosis
B) desensitization
C) free association
D) dream interpretation

Question 67

What is the principle of psychic determinism?

A) Neurosis leads to psychosis.
B) Human beings have free will.
C) Free association reveals the psyche.
D) Behavior is caused by prior mental events.

Question 68

When Maria looked at a picture of a carnival, she suddenly remembered a fair she had gone to as a child. Before she looked at the picture, her memory of the fair was

A) conscious.
B) unconscious.
C) preconscious.
D) conscientious.

Question 69

Sigmund Freud believed that some things remain unconscious because they are associated with

A) brain abnormalities.
B) existential freedom.
C) intrapsychic conflict.
D) psychic determinism.

Question 70

What term did Sigmund Freud use to refer to an individual's quest for pleasure and gratification?

A) sadism
B) sexuality
C) sublimation
D) self-actualization

Question 71

According to Sigmund Freud, at about what age does a child go through the phallic stage of psychosexual development?

A) during the first year
B) about age 3
C) about age 10
D) during adolescence

Question 72

Which Freudian structure is described as an unorganized reservoir of psychic energy?

A) id
B) ego
C) phallic
D) superego

Question 73

What is the libido?

A) psychic energy
B) an erogenous zone
C) a psychosexual stage
D) a defense mechanism

Question 74

What is the correct sequence of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages?

A) anal, oral, genital, phallic
B) phallic, genital, oral, anal
C) oral, genital, phallic, anal
D) oral, anal, phallic, genital

Question 75

Which of the following characterizes the phallic stage of psychosexual development?

A) occurs only in males
B) occurs during adolescence
C) involves sexual impulses toward the parents
D) accompanies a mature heterosexual relationship

Question 76

Each of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages is organized around

A) a latency period.
B) an erogenous zone.
C) developing abilities for rational thought.
D) the development of new psychic structures.

Question 77

When does the latency period end?

A) age 3
B) age 5
C) adolescence
D) adulthood

Question 78

Failure to resolve a psychosexual conflict may cause a person to experience

A) libido.
B) fixation.
C) latency.
D) psychic determinism.

Question 79

What is the role of the ego in Freudian theory?

A) maximizing pleasure
B) keeping the id in line
C) realistic problem-solving
D) primary process thinking

Question 80

Which of these individuals is engaged in an example of what Sigmund Freud would term primary process thinking?

A) Alice who is daydreaming about a guy in her biology class
B) Bill who is trying to get his car to start after he drove into a big puddle
C) Dave who is outlining a term paper on the topic of the human sexual response in the elderly
D) Teresa who is trying to determine whether she should go the library to study or go out with her friends