Deck 15: Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence

Question 1

Understanding maladaptive behavior in childhood is based on an understanding of physical, cognitive, and ________ developmental patterns.

A) psychological
B) biological
C) physiological
D) social-emotional

Answer 1

D

Question 2

About what percentage of children aged 2 to 5 tentatively meet the criteria for a DSM mental disorder?

A) 1%
B) 5%
C) 20%
D) 50%

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following categories has the highest prevalence rate among children between the ages of 9 to 17?

A) minimum impairment
B) mild impairment
C) moderate impairment
D) severe impairment

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What happens to the rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders between ages 5 and 17?

A) Both increase.
B) Both decrease.
C) Internalizing disorders increase; externalizing disorders decrease.
D) Externalizing disorders increase; internalizing disorders decrease.

Question 5

The Senate is holding hearings on the prevalence and treatment of disorders in children and adolescents. A large group of mental health professionals has been called to testify. What are they likely to tell the committee concerning child and adolescent disorders?

A) Epidemiological research indicates that most of these disorders are self-limiting; they do not continue into adulthood.
B) Most of the mental health disorders that occur in childhood are the result of genetic factors, which suggests we need programs on early intervention.
C) We need to pay special attention to these disorders because they are generally untreated, and when treated they are often treated by
people with little knowledge of children's mental health.
D) As a result of yearly check-ups and school-related physicals, most children with disorders are currently receiving the mental health services
they need, although their parents are less likely to receive services.

Question 6

Which childhood disorder shows a pattern of continuation through adulthood?

A) pica
B) tic disorder
C) mood disordered
D) separation anxiety

Question 7

Which of these is an externalizing disorder?

A) anxiety
B) phobia
C) depression
D) conduct disorder

Question 8

What evidence suggests that childhood disorders are distinct from adult disorders?

A) different sex ratios
B) different prognoses
C) different levels of severity
D) different modes of genetic transmission

Question 9

Afric's parents tell the clinician that she fights, is disobedient, and is destructive. Her parents are describing a (an):

A) internalizing disorder
B) psychiatric disorder
C) externalizing disorder
D) emotional disorder

Question 10

Kesia worries much of the time. Her parents describe her as anxious but withdrawn. Kesia is an example of a (an):

A) internalizing disorder
B) externalizing disorder
C) emotional disorder
D) anxiety disorder

Question 11

What are the three subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

A) primary, secondary, tertiary
B) school-limited, home-limited, combined
C) genetically based, environmentally based, combined type
D) problems of attention, overactive behavior, and combined

Question 12

Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are symptoms associated with:

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) anxiety disorder
C) Rett's disorder
D) attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder

Question 13

Which of the following disorders does not co-occur with ADHD?

A) mental retardation
B) learning disabilities
C) conduct disorder
D) depression

Question 14

Which of the following is a DSM-IV-TR criterion used in diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

A) The symptoms must be disturbing to the child.
B) The child's behavior must have legal consequences.
C) The child must be inattentive or hyperactive/impulsive.
D) The behavior must be perceived as aggressive by others.

Question 15

A specialist on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder has been invited to discuss the cause of the disorder. Which of the following titles would be the best one for this presentation?

A) "Still searching for a cause"
B) "No evidence of a genetic influence"
C) "Alter the environment and you alter hyperactivity"
D) "Focusing on key neurotransmitters in hyperactivity"

Question 16

Which of the following disorders often occur with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?

A) separation anxiety and anorexia nervosa
B) depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) conduct disorder and specific learning disabilities
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder and social phobia

Question 17

A seven-year-old child was recently diagnosed as exhibiting ADHD. A clinical psychologist developed a treatment plan that included drug treatment prescribed by a physician. In the child's file, the psychologist suggested close monitoring of the child and reassessment for the possible development of
which of the following?

A) depression
B) schizophrenia
C) panic disorder
D) learning difficulties

Question 18

Michael was recently diagnosed as exhibiting attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. If he exhibits the least common subtype of this disorder, what specific form of ADHD does he have?

A) aggressive
B) combined
C) inattentive type
D) hyperactive-impulsive

Question 19

In what setting are children who are diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder likely to have the most difficulties?

A) in school
B) at home watching television
C) playing alone on the playground
D) interacting one-to-one with an adult

Question 20

Why is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) difficult to diagnose in children younger than 4 or 5?

A) Response to medication cannot be determined.
B) These children cannot verbalize their difficulties.
C) Many ADHD type behaviors are normal for this age.
D) These children are often inattentive but rarely hyperactive.

Question 21

Why is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder most often diagnosed during early school years?

A) Its symptoms do not appear until then.
B) Children are routinely tested in first grade.
C) Children can verbalize their difficulties by this age.
D) School presents new demands that make symptoms more obvious.

Question 22

Using the more rigorous definition of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, how many school-age children in a sample of 1,000 would be expected to meet the criteria for this disorder?

A) 10
B) 25
C) 70
D) 150

Question 23

What is the most frequently diagnosed behavioral disorder in childhood?

A) social phobia
B) conduct disorder
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 24

The Child Guidance Clinic completed its annual report on the number of children treated and their diagnoses. When a reporter is given a copy
of the report, she notices several interesting findings, especially the sex
difference in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. What is the ratio of
boys to girls?

A) 90: 10
B) 75 : 25
C) 50 : 50
D) 30 : 70

Question 25

What is the estimated prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among school-age children in the general population?

A) .50%
B) 2.5%
C) 7%
D) 15%

Question 26

Why are girls less likely to be referred for ADHD than boys?

A) Boys are more aggressive than girls.
B) Boys have lower achievement test scores than girls.
C) Boys consistently fail to follow instruction.
D) Boys show aggressive-impulsive behavior where girls are primarily inattention.

Question 27

A diagnosis of ADHD depends on:

A) the frame of reference used in the evaluation of behavior.
B) the testing used by the psychologist.
C) the theoretical approach used to conceptualize the behavior.
D) the type of medication prescribed.

Question 28

A group of psychologists is interested in evaluating the diagnosis of hyperactivity, so they ask parents and teachers to use questionnaires and make observations to assess the presence of the symptoms. What are they likely to find?

A) Parents and teachers tend to agree on the presence of the symptoms.
B) Parents tend to see more aggressiveness in the children than teachers see.
C) There will be limited agreement across evaluators and methods of assessment.
D) Agreement is much higher for behavioral observations by teachers than for parents' behavioral observations.

Question 29

What is one example of the effect of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on social development?

A) Children with ADHD are disliked and do not realize it.
B) These children are often popular and in leadership positions.
C) Children with ADHD elicit negative behaviors from other children.
D) These children learn about social behaviors mostly through observation.

Question 30

What do family and twins studies suggest about the potential genetic influences on ADHD?

A) Genetic factors seem to play little role in the disorder.
B) There appears to be a strong genetic influence, especially for girls.
C) There appears to be a strong genetic influence, especially for boys.
D) There appears be no genetic influence for girls but a strong genetic influence for boys.

Question 31

Each of the subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder has a different pattern of comorbidity. What have researchers concluded from this observation?

A) A variety of gene locations probably combine to produce the behaviors associated with ADHD.
B) There seems to be one predominant type of ADHD that manifests itself differently, depending on the environmental circumstances.
C) The various manifestations of ADHD suggest that it is not likely that genetic factors play a significant role in the development of this
disorder.
D) The multiple manifestations of this disorder suggest that various sites in the control centers of the brain are impacted early in life and do not recover.

Question 32

What is the most common treatment for hyperactive children?

A) play therapy and stimulant drugs
B) stimulant drugs and behavior therapy
C) behavior therapy
D) tranquilizing drugs

Question 33

What percentage of children diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder are treated with stimulant drugs?

A) 5 - 10%
B) 25 - 30%
C) 55 - 60%
D) 85 -90%

Question 34

A pediatrician has prescribed a trial of stimulant medication to deal with eight-year-old Sal's problems in paying attention in school. When his parents ask about the expected time frame for the effects, what will they be told?

A) The drug will begin to have an effect within 30 minutes and it will wear off within 4 to 6 hours.
B) It will take several hours before the drug has an initial observable effect, which will last for several more hours.
C) The drug will have its initial effect within 24 hours and it will last for approximately 24 hours before another dose is needed.
D) It will take several days for the drug to build in the system before it has an effect, which will last for several days after the initial doses.

Question 35

A pediatrician is reviewing treatment options for a child whose ADHD has not responded to stimulant medication. Before writing the prescription, what question will the pediatrician ask the parents of this child?

A) "Is there any history of schizophrenia in your family?"
B) "How many hours does your spend sleeping each day?"
C) "Is there any history of mood disorders or suicide in your family?'
D) "Does your child spend much time by himself, apparently daydreaming?"

Question 36

Which of the following drugs has been used recently in the treatment of ADHD?

A) Ritalin
B) Dexedrine
C) Cylert
D) All of the above

Question 37

The use of stimulant medications in the treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is associated with improved academic performance because of its effect on

A) memory.
B) time on-task.
C) reading speed.
D) abstract reasoning.

Question 38

What is the most prominent impact of stimulant medications on the social behaviors of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?

A) increases positive behaviors in social groups
B) improves one-to-one play with other children
C) improves one-to-one interactions with adults
D) reduces in class disruption and increases on-task performance

Question 39

A group of children with ADHD were put on stimulant medication. After several months, physicians had teachers and independent observers check their progress. Which of the following is likely to be the most significant effect of the drug treatment?

A) increasing self-esteem
B) reducing daydreaming and aggressiveness
C) improving academic accuracy and productivity
D) improving the level of courtesy shown to other children

Question 40

Seven-year-old Mike was put on a behavior modification program for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. In order to monitor the effectiveness of the program, an independent observer completes a questionnaire describing Mike's behavior. Which aspect of Mike's behavior would be expected to be most responsive to this program?

A) time on-task
B) social behaviors
C) academic accuracy
D) academic productivity

Question 41

A university team of child psychologists has just completed a longitudinal study of children who were diagnosed with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. These children are now in their 20s. When they examine the data to determine what happens to the symptoms, what are they likely to find?

A) The symptoms often decrease during the adolescent years.
B) There is a rapid decrease in symptoms from childhood to adolescence.
C) The symptoms increase and decrease in a random pattern across time.
D) The symptoms tend to continue through adolescence, and into the adult years.

Question 42

The diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder requires that at least some hyperactive or inattentive symptoms must have been observed before what age?

A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 15

Question 43

Which two disorders in childhood would indicate ADHD will persist into adulthood?

A) aggression/conduct problems
B) conduct problems/learning disabilities
C) aggression/tic disorder
D) learning disabilities/mental retardation

Question 44

Carl is often disruptive in class. He is frequently negativistic, defiant, disobedient, and hostile toward authority figures. However, he has never violated any major societal norms or the basic rights of others. His behavior is most consistent with a diagnosis of

A) overanxious disorder.
B) oppositional defiant disorder.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Question 45

Twelve-year-old Tom often loses his temper, argues with adults, annoys anyone within earshot, and blames others for his mistakes. These symptoms have lasted for a year. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A) reactive disorder
B) separation anxiety
C) oppositional defiant disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 46

For which of the following disorders is the prevalence among boys and girls quite similar?

A) conduct disorder
B) anorexia nervosa
C) oppositional defiant disorder
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 47

Which of these factors tend to predict that oppositional defiant disorder will continue over time?

A) parental divorce and physical anomalies
B) a history of birth complications and inadequate diet
C) negative parenting practices and mothers' psychiatric disorders
D) fathers' psychiatric disorders and presence of more than two siblings

Question 48

Sergio has many of the symptoms of conduct disorder, however, he is 19 years old. What is the most likely disorder that will be considered?

A) pica
B) Tourette's disorder
C) antisocial personality disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 49

Which childhood disorder is most similar to the adult category of antisocial personality disorder?

A) conduct disorder
B) overanxious disorder
C) oppositional-defiant disorder
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 50

What has happened to the prevalence rate of conduct disorder over the last 50 years?

A) increased in industrialized countries
B) decreased in industrialized countries
C) increased in virtually all countries across the world
D) decreased in virtually all countries across the world

Question 51

Mark, a 10-year-old boy, is often in trouble for hurting his neighbor's pets, setting fires, and getting money with his parents' bank card. His behavior is consistent with what diagnosis?

A) conduct disorder
B) oppositional defiant disorder
C) antisocial personality disorder
D) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Question 52

Which person is most likely to receive the diagnosis of conduct disorder?

A) 14-year-old Ann
B) 10-year-old Tom
C) 10-year-old Virginia
D) 17-year-old Raymond

Question 53

Young children who are diagnosed with conduct disorder are at high risk for the later development of:

A) depression.
B) panic disorder.
C) schizophrenia.
D) antisocial personality disorder.

Question 54

A psychologist reviews the data on genetic factors in antisocial behavior in preparation for writing an article for a national publication. The publisher of this popular magazine prefers catchy titles that are also explanatory. Which of the following would be the best choice?

A) "Not genetics, but modeling"
B) "Strong genetic ties when ADHD is present"
C) "Environmental toxins: The missing piece of the puzzle"
D) "How the environment keys development of this disorder"

Question 55

Fred has been diagnosed with conduct disorder. A psychologist interviews several family members and finds evidence that other family members have had the same diagnosis as well as antisocial personality disorder. It is also determined that Fred has the diagnosis of ADHD. When the psychologist evaluates this case, what is he likely to view as the key to understanding this behavior?

A) Fred probably exhibits a persistent form of conduct disorder that has a strong genetic link.
B) Fred has a transient form of conduct disorder that will pass with time provided good parenting is provided.
C) Fred's form of conduct disorder is probably the result of inadequate parenting and the influence of peers.
D) Fred's background suggests there is a presence of some other disorders, which might reflect a psychotic process.

Question 56

Aggressive children are more likely than nonaggressive children to interpret the causes of ambiguous social situations as

A) hostile.
B) loving.
C) playful.
D) accidental.

Question 57

Henry, who has been observed to be very aggressive, felt a kickball brush up against the back of his legs. Although he did not see how the kickball got there, he is likely to infer that someone was

A) trying to invite him to play.
B) purposely trying to hurt him.
C) accidentally dropping the ball.
D) trying to make friends with him.

Question 58

A cognitive-behavioral intervention might help an aggressive child to mentally review

A) self-reinforcing statements.
B) rules for appropriate behavior.
C) questions and answers about a situation.
D) polite statements he can make in any situation.

Question 59

How are Gerald Patterson's parent training programs, based on the social-learning approach, designed to help families?

A) preventing coercive interactions
B) involving more outsiders in the family
C) providing education about medications
D) providing respite care for difficult children

Question 60

A team of mental health professionals is given the responsibility and challenge of developing programs to prevent conduct disorder. Which of the following will be on their list to incorporate into their programs?

A) relaxation training
B) client-centered therapy
C) increasing positive social support
D) increasing the availability of medications

Question 61

A specialist on internalizing disorders is addressing a PTA. What is the message she will want to leave with these parents?

A) These disorders are not easy to detect and can be overlooked.
B) These disorders are responsible for the majority of problems in grade- school classrooms.
C) Most of these disorders can be treated effectively with drug treatments, provided they are identified early.
D) Most of these disorders can lead to severely incapacitating problems that often require hospitalization later in life.

Question 62

Which of these is an internalizing disorder?

A) anxiety
B) aggression
C) hyperactivity
D) conduct disorder

Question 63

Which of these is an anxiety disorder that DSM-IV-TR classifies as unique to childhood?

A) dysthymia
B) separation anxiety disorder
C) generalized anxiety
D) overanxious disorder

Question 64

Separation anxiety disorder is diagnosed if a child expresses extreme distress at most separations from a caregiver over a period of at least

A) 1 week.
B) four weeks.
C) 6 months.
D) 1 year.

Question 65

Which type of child is LEAST likely to develop separation anxiety disorder?

A) a neglected child
B) a sexually abused child
C) a physically abused child
D) a child from a close-knit family

Question 66

Little Darla has been diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder. She has been taken to a mental health center, where a therapist asks her why she is afraid. What is she likely to say?

A) She is afraid she will get lost and never find her parents again.
B) She is afraid to sleep because she believes she may never wake up again.
C) She believes that people look at her in odd ways that make her feel uncomfortable.
D) She says she has begun to put on some weight and looks "ugly" so she refuses to be seen by others.

Question 67

Which of these children is most likely to be diagnosed as suffering from social phobias?

A) Ken a 4-year-old Caucasian child
B) Daniel a 5-year-old Hispanic child
C) Joy a 12-year-old Asian adolescent
D) Jasmine an 8-year-old African American child

Question 68

Denzel is nine years old. He has to present his school project to the entire fourth grade. He complains to his parents that he does not want to participate. His parents feel he does not want to be embarrassed. Denzel has a diagnosis of:

A) separation anxiety disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder
C) specific phobia
D) social phobia

Question 69

John's parents describe him as always being a follower. He has always been drawn to peers who seen to dominate him. John is always eager to please his peers. These symptoms would indicate a diagnosis of:

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) social phobia
C) separation anxiety disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question 70

Which statement is true regarding mothers of children with generalized anxiety disorder?

A) They tend to be domineering and will not allow the child to make decisions.
B) They are very often over-involved and exercise high levels of control over behavior.
C) They have an anxiety disorder diagnosis and perpetuate feelings of inadequacy.
D) They are involved in all aspects of the child's life but are not over- controlling.

Question 71

Which statement is not related to school as a source of anxiety for children?

A) The stress-related experience of school can be unbearable.
B) School can cause some children strong feelings of anxiety in relation to physical symptoms.
C) School can cause children to feel dread with certain aspects.
D) School reinforces negative self-concept and academic deficiencies.

Question 72

Re-experiencing the event, avoidance of the trauma-related stimuli, and increased arousal are symptoms of:

A) separation anxiety disorder
B) post traumatic stress disorder
C) generalized anxiety disorder
D) social phobia

Question 73

Nine-year-old Judy insists on checking several times to see if the windows are closed and the doors locked before she allows her family to leave home on even brief trips. Her insistence on checking could be a sign of

A) a phobia.
B) separation anxiety.
C) attention-deficit disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 74

What are the important sex differences among people who are diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A) more common in boys; equal in adults
B) more common in boys and adult males
C) more common in girls and adult females
D) equally common in males and females throughout the age range

Question 75

Which of the following is an especially poor prognostic feature that predicts a reduced chance of improvement with antidepressant treatment?

A) insomnia
B) presence of tics
C) weight problems
D) mental retardation

Question 76

The National Institute of Mental Health study of children with severe obsessive-compulsive disorder has shown that more than half of these children also are diagnosed with

A) conduct disorder.
B) psychotic thinking.
C) major mood disorder.
D) oppositional-defiant disorder.

Question 77

What is the apparent purpose of the self injury that is found in children who suffer from obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A) attempting to reach out for help
B) easing present emotional distress
C) punishing oneself for creating family conflict
D) attempting to "punish" parents for interference

Question 78

A psychologist who specializes in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder in children was invited by the school to discuss her work. The audience consists of parents of children who are either diagnosed or suspected of having obsessive-compulsive disorder. What will this psychologist tell the parents to be looking for as a possible symptom of this disorder in this age group?

A) pica
B) insomnia
C) self-injury
D) auditory hallucinations

Question 79

What is the most typical type of treatment for childhood fears and phobias?

A) play therapy
B) antianxiety drugs
C) psychodynamic techniques
D) cognitive-behavioral therapy

Question 80

Which disorder of childhood is most likely to be treated, in part, with medication?

A) conduct disorder
B) separation anxiety disorder
C) oppositional-defiant disorder
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder