Deck 12: Single Baseline Designs

Question 1

Each of the following terms are ways of referring to within-subject designs, except:

A) N=2 designs
B) repeated measures designs
C) small N designs
D) single subject designs

Answer 1

A

Question 2

With regards to typical notations of within-subject designs, the A in an ABAB design stands for which condition?

A) Treatment 1
B) Baseline
C) Treatment 2
D) Condition 2

Answer 2

B

Question 3

With regards to typical notations of within-subject designs, the B in an ABAB design stands for which condition?

A) Treatment 1
B) Baseline
C) Treatment 2
D) Condition 2

Answer 3

A

Question 4

With regards to typical notations of within-subject designs, the C in an ABCAB design stands for which condition?

A) Treatment 1
B) Baseline
C) Treatment 2
D) Condition 2

Question 5

Of all the single baseline designs, the ____ design is the weakest for making conclusions about the effects of an independent variable.

A) reversal
B) AB
C) multielement
D) changing criterion

Question 6

A(n) ______ is the core of all within subject comparisons.

A) reversal design
B) parametric
C) AB design
D) multi-element

Question 7

An AB design is a weak basis for defensible conclusions about the influence of the intervention condition because:

A) we do not know if any change in responding is due to the dependent variable associated with the treatment condition
B) it uses discontinuous measurement and prohibits the investigator from collecting complete and accurate responses
C) we do not know if any change in responding is a reliable outcome of switching between the two conditions
D) it only represents responding for one individual

Question 8

A practitioner wants to demonstrate if reinforcing appropriate statements would reduce a client's disruptive talking (found to be maintained by attention). To evaluate empirically, it would be best to use which type of design?

A) Changing criterion design
B) Parametric design
C) AB design
D) Reversal design (ABAB)

Question 9

Reversal designs are informative only when:

A) multiple studies demonstrate that the responding is reliable.
B) responding between the different conditions falls within the same range.
C) responding reverts to the original baseline pattern after the intervention is withdrawn.
D) the participants have limited learning histories with the independent variable.

Question 10

If an investigator wanted to compare the effects of different treatments for a single behavior of a single individual, they would most likely use a(n) ______ design, which involves switching between two or more treatment conditions rapidly.

A) AB
B) reversal
C) changing criterion
D) multi-element

Question 11

Multi-element designs are also referred to as:

A) parametric designs
B) alternating treatment designs
C) changing criterion designs
D) exploratory designs

Question 12

Generally, a(n) ______ research design requires a gradual increase in goal levels for the target behavior.

A) changing criterion
B) multi-element
C) ABA reversal
D) AB

Question 13

Multi-element designs require that the investigator be confident about two things. First, that the level of responding observed in a brief exposure to each condition is typical of the level found with uninterrupted exposure over a series of sessions. What is the second?

A) That all of the extraneous variables have been identified and removed
B) That each response class being manipulated is independent
C) That the participants that are being compared have similar learning histories
D) That the transition in responding between control and treatment will be immedia

Question 14

A(n) ______ design is a within-subject, single baseline design that involves a pair of treatment and control conditions in which one or both conditions repeat at least once.

A) changing criterion
B) parametric
C) reversal
D) AB

Question 15

A(n) ______ research design is a useful design for investigators interested in gradual decreases in goal levels for the target behavior.

A) multi-element
B) ABA reversal
C) AB
D) changing criterion

Question 16

A within-subject, single-baseline design that uses AB and reversal sequences to identify effects of manipulating a specific parameter of a procedure is called a(n) ______ design.

A) AB
B) reversal
C) changing criterion
D) parametric

Question 17

The following data represent which type of design?

A) Reversal
B) Parametric
C) Changing Criterion
D) Multi-element

Question 18

Controlling for extraneous variables is most important for which type of within-subject design?

A) AB
B) Changing Criterion
C) Reversal
D) This is important for all designs

Question 19

A multi-element design requires an investigator to be confident that the transition in responding between control and treatment conditions will be ______.

A) stable
B) unstable
C) immediate
D) delayed

Question 20

Within-subject designs emphasize the fact that each participant serves as his or her own _____.

A) data collector
B) control
C) self
D) treatment monitor

Question 21

List at least 3 other common terms used to refer to within-subject research designs.

Question 22

Describe the fundamental core features of a single baseline, within-subject design.

Question 23

When discussing research designs, what are the assumptions we make?

Question 24

What are the letter notations that behavior analysts use to label their research designs? Provide an example of a notation that would describe a reversal design with two treatments and at least two baseline conditions.

Question 25

Describe how an ABAB design is better than an AB design for making conclusions about an intervention.

Question 26

How is an ABAB design not better than an AB design for making conclusions about an intervention?

Question 27

In a reversal design, why may responding not return to the original pattern of responding once a condition is ended and a prior condition is reinstated?

Question 28

Why would a researcher or practitioner have difficulty in attempting to draw conclusions about the effects of an intervention when using an AB design?

Question 29

When using a reversal design, if responding does not reverse to the previous pattern of responding during the reversal, what can an investigator conclude?

Question 30

Which two things must an investigator be confident about when deciding to use an alternating treatment design?

Question 31

What is the difference between a parametric design and a changing criterion design?

Question 32

In general, in the AB design, when comparing responding between a control and an intervention condition, what does the researcher or practitioner not know?

Question 33

Brendan is a practitioner is working with an adult client to drink less caffeine each day. Brendan would like to arrange an experimental evaluation to investigate the effects of a reinforcement procedure on his client's caffeine consumption. Describe which single baseline within-subject design would be most appropriate for this experimental question and discuss
a) the features of the design you chose and
b) considerations Brendan should make specific to your chosen design.

Question 34

Corinne is a behavior analyst conducting research and she has found that edible reinforcers can be effective for increasing skills in young children with autism. She is interested in a follow-up study that compares different types of edible reinforcers with her previous participants and the impact of different edible reinforcers on participants' skill acquisition. Describe which single baseline within-subject design would be most appropriate for this experimental question and discuss
a) the features of the design you chose and
b) considerations Corinne should make specific to your chosen design.

Question 35

Compare and contrast the reversal design and the multi-element design.

Question 36

Provide a novel example of how you would implement a reversal design to determine the effects of a token system on a behavior of your choice. Also, draw hypothetical data to go with your example.

Question 37

Provide a novel example of how you would implement a multielement design to determine the effects of different types of edible reinforcers on a behavior of your choice. Also, draw hypothetical data to go with your example.

Question 38

Provide a novel example of how you would implement a changing criterion design to decrease caffeine intake with a client. Also, draw hypothetical data to go with your example.

Question 39

A practitioner wants to demonstrate if reinforcing appropriate statements would reduce a client's disruptive talking (found to be maintained by attention). Describe how she could use a reversal design to evaluate her treatment empirically.

Question 40

If an investigator wanted to compare the effects of different treatments for a single behavior of a single individual, which single baseline design would be recommended and why?