Deck 7: Urban Culture and Lifestyles

Question 1

Who made the observation, "What is the city but the people?"

A)Shakespeare
B)Weber
C)Marx
D)Tonnies

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to older urban-rural formulations, __________.

A)city and country life were remarkably similar
B)rural areas were characterized by stable rules, roles and relationships
C)cities represented continuity and conformity
D)isolation is part of rural life

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The classical Chicago School focused on __________.

A)the political structure of the metropolis
B)the way urban life disrupted traditional ties to kin and community
C)the class struggle within the city
D)the homogenous groups in the city

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The distinction between societies based on "mechanical solidarity" and those based on "organic solidarity" is associated with __________.

A) Karl Marx
B)Ferdinand Tonnies
C)Emile Durkheim
D) Max Weber

Question 5

Tonnies' name is associated with his description of the shift from __________.

A)traditional society to rational society
B)mechanical solidarity to organic solidarity
C)feudal relationships to market-based relations
D)gemeinschaft to gesellschaft

Question 6

Early Chicago School sociologists were most strongly influenced by __________.

A)Marx's view of class conflict in the city
B)Weber's view of bureaucracy in the city
C)Simmel's view of social psychological over-stimulation in the city
D)Alvin Toffler's writing in Future Shock

Question 7

A prominent member of the Chicago School of Sociology was __________.

A) Wirth
B) Weber
C) Toffler
D) Tonnies

Question 8

"Urbanism as a Way of Life" suggests that __________.

A)cities create a distinct way of life
B)the smaller the city, the more urbanism is prevalent
C)urbanism is economically destructive but socially successful
D)cities promote a homogeneity or likeness among their residents

Question 9

William F. Whyte's study of an Italian Boston slum stresses __________.

A)determinist theory
B)calculated expediency
C)social disorganization
D)sociocultural continuity

Question 10

Which of the following coined the term "nervous stimulation" when talking about the effects of urban life?

A)Milgram
B)Simmel
C)Toffler
D)Gans

Question 11

"Urbanism as a Way of Life" includes the characteristic of __________.

A)a weak and simple division of labor
B)strengthening bonds of kinship
C)an increase of cultural homogeneity
D)spatial segregation by income, status, ethnicity, race, etc.

Question 12

Sociocultural continuity and the vitality of traditional Italian culture in Boston was stressed by __________.

A) Karl Marx
B)Louis Wirth
C)William F.Whyte
D)Georg Simmel

Question 13

Whyte's classic study on peer group social values was called __________.

A)Street Corner Society
B)Ethnic Villagers
C)Blue Denim
D)Blue Collar Aristocrats

Question 14

Gans suggests that the individual is most influenced by __________.

A)the heterogeneity of the urban area
B)the density of the population
C)the size of the city
D)his or her local community and peer group

Question 15

Gans suggested that Wirth's "urbanite" could best be seen as __________.

A)alienated by life in the city
B)a product of urban industrial society
C)lacking ethnic affiliation
D)a product of traditional lifestyles

Question 16

The theory that there is not one urban way of life but many urban lifestyles is called __________.

A)compositional theory
B)urbanist theory
C)determinist theory
D)subculture theory

Question 17

The text generally concludes that __________.

A)urbanism is a major contributor to social disorganization
B)the relationship between urbanism and social disorganization has been underestimated
C)many city dwellers are largely isolated from depersonalizing aspects of urban life
D)urbanism has impaired mental health

Question 18

The following is generally true of the age structure of cities: __________.

A)urban populations are younger than rural counterparts in less developed countries, but this pattern is reversed in North America
B)urban populations are older than rural counterparts in industrialized countries
C)urban populations are older than rural counterparts in U.S. metropolitan areas, but this is a uniquely American phenomenon
D)urban populations are younger than their rural counterparts

Question 19

Claude Fischer claims that __________.

A)urbanism strengthens sub-cultural groups
B)urbanism breaks down and destroys social groups
C)subcultures are broken down by the mainstream of society
D)urbanism does not shape social life

Question 20

Sub-cultural Theory is most closely associated with __________.

A)Herbert Gans
B)Claude Fischer
C)Louis Wirth
D)Alvin Toffler

Question 21

The age of city residents reflects __________.

A)higher birth rates
B)immigration into cities
C)services available to pre- and post-working ages
D)out-migration to the suburbs

Question 22

According to a Brookings Institution study middle-income city neighborhoods have been ________.

A)increasing in percent of the city
B)having more children and elderly
C)decreasing in percent of the city
D)staying about the same

Question 23

In developed countries the following pattern tends to emerge: __________.

A)more males leave the countryside for heavily administration-oriented cities
B)a greater number of women migrate to urban places
C)unmarried females are less socially integrated
D)there are 3 males for every 2 females in the cities

Question 24

According to the text, the age of urban residents influences __________.

A)city size
B)city shape
C)the number of bars
D)the type of city government

Question 25

The following is generally true of urban populations: __________.

A)urban populations have more elderly than rural populations
B)rural areas are more heterogeneous
C)homogeneity is one of the basic attributes of the city
D)urban populations are more heterogeneous

Question 26

The incidence of crime in the city is most related to the characteristic of _____.

A)age
B)income
C)race
D)ethnicity

Question 27

The following is the most accurate in describing city composition: __________.

A)cities are more racially and ethnically homogeneous than the countryside
B)ethnic and racial homogeneity raise the potential for competition and conflict
C)ethnic and racial heterogeneity can lead to tolerance or to competition and conflict
D)cleavage is less likely to occur when racial and ethnic boundaries parallel socioeconomic boundaries.

Question 28

According to the text, the "Quiet Revolution" refers to __________.

A)the movement of middle class, white-collar workers from the central cities to the suburbs
B)dramatic political and social changes that took place in Quebec, Canada as French speaking people assumed greater control
C)the increase in political power among the urban underclass in U.S. cities
D)the loss of power by cosmopolites to the unmarried and childless

Question 29

According to the text, perhaps the most cosmopolitan city in North America is __________.

A)Montreal
B)Chicago
C)New Orleans
D)Los Angeles

Question 30

In urban areas socioeconomic status is most frequently measured by __________.

A)income, education and occupation
B)family, national origin and religion
C)religion, race and ethnicity
D)schools, friends and group membership

Question 31

The following is true of U.S. cities: __________.

A)the suburbs have become poorer
B)central city residents, overall, have not kept up with suburbs in income
C)there is relatively little neighborhood variation in socioeconomic status
D)rural areas use socioeconomic status criteria to order people more often than urban areas

Question 32

According to the text, which of the following statements can be regarded as the most accurate?

A)All central-city populations have high rates of alienation and disorganization.
B)Social problems are evenly dispersed across the urban population.
C)Cities generally have the highest rates of social problems.
D)Alienation and disorganization are evenly dispersed across all areas--rural and urban.

Question 33

David Brooks has identified a new emerging upper-middle class of city dwellers who combine a strong work ethic with a love of ease. He refers to them as ________________.

A)yuppies
B)dinks
C)bobos
D)friends

Question 34

Working class ethnic populations (ethnic villagers) __________.

A)are socially and psychologically integrated into the city as a whole
B)have a strong sense of territory
C)are unlikely to know their next door neighbors
D)have had their norms changed due to the women's movement

Question 35

Working class neighborhoods place heavy emphasis on __________.

A)political affiliation
B)government intervention
C)formal control mechanisms
D)primary-group relationships

Question 36

An important urban population Gans overlooked is__________.

A)cosmopolites
B)bourgeoisie
C)ethnic villagers
D)LGBT households

Question 37

Urban villages can be best be characterized as __________.

A)slums
B)expensive high-rise apartments
C)gated suburban communities
D)areas whose shabby outside appearance misrepresents the vitality of the community within

Question 38

The primary integrative mechanism of stable inner-city, ethnic neighborhoods is the __________.

A)peer group
B)political party
C)neighborhood organization
D)city government

Question 39

Suttles' study of Chicago points out that __________.

A)urbanism leads to alienation, delinquency and social disorganization
B)unstable slums lead to a culture of poverty
C)ethnic affiliations in the city are vanishing
D)ethnic groups have their own provincial enclaves and social rules

Question 40

Inner-city blue-collar, ethnic neighborhoods are less likely to exhibit __________.

A)ordered segmentation
B)ethnic or racial affiliation
C)psychological and social identity with the rest of the city
D)territoriality

Question 41

Family life in settled ethnic working class areas __________.

A)is child oriented
B)is adult oriented
C)revolves around the job occupation
D)stresses social mobility

Question 42

Sociability among adults in settle ethnic working class areas revolves around __________.

A)kinship or long-standing friendship and association
B)occupation
C)a search for new or different friends
D)material possessions

Question 43

Gay male households are most likely to be located in _________.

A)the inner areas of cities
B)the outer areas of cities
C)suburbs
D)rural areas

Question 44

Studies show that in United States working-class families, interaction is more focused on __________.

A)relatives of the same generation
B)horizontal relationships
C)the family patriarch
D)the family matriarch

Question 45

Politically, working-class ethnic neighborhoods have __________.

A)been vulnerable because of their peer group orientation
B)had heavy clout at city hall
C)demonstrated impressive organizational and political skills
D)an extensive knowledge of how to lobby city government

Question 46

Lower-class unstable slums are characterized by __________.

A)being included as a vital part of the economic life of the larger city
B)high rates of residential mobility
C)emphasis on long range goals
D)low rates of victimization

Question 47

Florida suggests successful cities __________.

A)are mostly located in the Sunbelt
B)have long urban histories
C)attract educated and talented young workers
D)have high rates of urbanization

Question 48

Working-class ethnic neighborhoods are characterized by __________.

A)depersonalization
B)isolation
C)social disorganization
D)self-imposed psychological distance from the rest of the city

Question 49

Which of the following would be considered a "Brain Gain" city?.

A)Cleveland
B)Saint Louis
C)San Diego
D)Detroit

Question 50

To the urban underclass, the home is basically __________.

A)a place of refuge
B)a place of comfort
C)an extension of one's personality
D)a symbol of one's status in society

Question 51

"Brain Gain" cities are likely to have a high percentage of workers employed in __________.

A)manufacturing
B)technology and the arts
C)construction
D)retail trade

Question 52

The middle-class frequently views housing __________.

A)as a place of refuge
B)as a place of comfort
C)as an extension of one's personality
D)as a symbol of respectability

Question 53

Survival skills for those in the "outcast" group of urban poor include __________.

A)developing long-range goals
B)suspiciousness, blaming and shaming
C)learning marketable skills
D)continuing education

Question 54

According to the text, which of the following is true about the urban underclass in the U.S.?

A)Poverty and economic instability lock the underclass at the bottom of the social ladder.
B)For the outcast poor, life is getting better.
C)Poverty is evenly distributed across all groups.
D)Ninety percent of all the homeless are addicted to drugs and/or alcohol.

Question 55

Whose perspective on urban life has been referred to as "deterministic theory"?

A)Toffer
B)Fisher
C) Webber
D) Wirth

Question 56

The hallmark of the city is its diversity.

Question 57

The idea that the city is the source of isolation and alienation for the individual as well as the cause of social problems developed in the second half of the 20th century.

Question 58

The text mentions Charlie Chaplin's classic film, "Modern Times" as an example of the view that modern mass society was destroying close attachments to kin and community.

Question 59

Tonnies used the terms "traditional society" and "rational society".

Question 60

French sociologist Emile Durkheim used the terms "mechanical solidarity" and "organic solidarity" to distinguish between rural and urban societies.

Question 61

In Marx's treatise on capitalism, the workers' unity is based on a common bond of urban residential patterns.

Question 62

The Chicago School of sociology focused on the way urban life disrupted traditional ties to kin and community.

Question 63

Research gives no support to Simmel's belief that the city produces nervous stimulation.

Question 64

Wirth viewed urbanism as economically successful and socially destructive.

Question 65

One of the characteristics of the urban way of life described by Wirth is that it places emphasis on kin and friendship ties and downplays achievement and social mobility.

Question 66

One of the characteristics of the urban way of life described by Wirth is that it tends to substitute formal, secondary-group control mechanisms for primary group and neighborhood control over the individual.

Question 67

One of the characteristics of the urban way of life described by Wirth is the increase in cultural homogeneity and a decline in the diversity of values, views and opinions.

Question 68

The text concludes that the Chicago School underplayed the role of the city as a social integrator and underestimated the strength of traditional ways of life in the city.

Question 69

Today, Wirth's essay "Urbanism as a Way of Life" does not influence professional and popular thought about cities.

Question 70

Louis Wirth's perspective on the city has also been called "determinist theory".

Question 71

Research shows that mental health appears to be better in rural than urban areas.

Question 72

Herbert Gans argues that Wirth confuses urbanization with general modernization in society and that people are depersonalized by a modern mass society--not city life, itself.

Question 73

"Compositional Theory" was developed by Claude Fischer as an alternative to determinist theory.

Question 74

Subculture theory states that urbanism often strengthens social grouping.

Question 75

Herbert Gans states that urbanization causes a particular way of life to emerge.

Question 76

Sculpture theory suggests that space does indeed matter, and there is something different about cities.

Question 77

Subculture theory was developed by Louis Wirth.

Question 78

One of the main arguments of Claude Fischer is that place does matter and that being middle-class in a small town is not the same as being middle class in a large city.

Question 79

Urban populations in less developed countries are older than their rural counterparts.

Question 80

Urban populations tend to be younger because they contain large numbers of immigrants who are young adults.