Deck 1: A Brief History of Microbiology

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?

A) they are visible with a light microscope.
B) they are acellular.
C) they are composed of genetic material and protein.
D) they are typically smaller than prokaryotic cells.
E) they are obligatory parasites.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Semmelweis advocated handwashing as a method of preventing which of the following diseases?

A) cholera
B) puerperal fever
C) smallpox
D) anthrax
E) syphilis

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The microbes commonly known as ________ are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally motile.

A) archaea
B) bacteria
C) fungi
D) protozoa
E) viruses

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE?

A) fungi are eukaryotes.
B) molds are multicellular.
C) fungi have a cell wall.
D) fungi are photosynthetic.
E) yeasts are unicellular.

Question 5

Which of the following areas of investigation is considered a major driver of modern microbiology?

A) microbial classification
B) industrial microbiology
C) the etiology of infectious disease
D) genetics
E) food preparation

Question 6

The technique developed by Hans Christian Gram is important for bacterial

A) etiology.
B) identification.
C) classification.
D) isolation.
E) epidemiology.

Question 7

All of the following individuals were involved in improving public health in the 19th century EXCEPT

A) Snow.
B) Spallanzani.
C) Nightingale.
D) Semmelweis.
E) Lister.

Question 8

Parasitic worms,even meters-long tapeworms,are studied in microbiology because

A) they are parasites.
B) diagnosis usually involves microscopic examination of patient samples.
C) the Gram stain can be used to identify them.
D) Leeuwenhoek first discovered them.
E) no one else wants to study them.

Question 9

Louis Pasteur demonstrated that fermentation to produce alcohol is caused by

A) aerobes.
B) facultative anaerobes.
C) obligate parasites.
D) archaea.
E) prokaryotes.

Question 10

Which of the following individuals pioneered the use of chemicals to reduce the incidence of infections during surgery?

A) Nightingale
B) Snow
C) Ehrlich
D) Lister
E) Semmelweis

Question 11

Pasteur's experiments on fermentation laid the foundation for

A) industrial microbiology.
B) epidemiology.
C) immunology.
D) abiogenesis.
E) antisepsis.

Question 12

The use of chemical agents to harm or kill microbes is

A) immunology.
B) chemotherapy.
C) epidemiology.
D) serology.
E) biotechnology.

Question 13

According to Kluyver and van Niel,which of the following are true of basic biochemical reactions?

A) They are shared by all living things.
B) There are an unlimited number of them.
C) They primarily involve the transfer of electrons and ions.
D) Basic biochemical reactions shared by all living things primarily involve transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions.
E) They primarily involve transfers of chemical groups.

Question 14

The first true vaccine protected against disease caused by a(n)________ pathogen.

A) bacterial
B) protozoal
C) fungal
D) viral
E) archaeal

Question 15

Work by ________ laid the foundations of immunology with the development of vaccines.

A) Redi and Spallanzani
B) Koch and Pasteur
C) Jenner and Pasteur
D) Lister and Semmelweis
E) Pauling and Woese

Question 16

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to

A) use a magnifying glass.
B) develop a taxonomic system.
C) view microorganisms and record these observations.
D) disprove spontaneous generation.
E) use the germ theory of disease.

Question 17

Which of the following contribute to the successful application of Koch's postulates?

A) The development of the compound microscope.
B) The theory of abiogenesis.
C) The ability to record the appearance of bacteria photographically.
D) The development of simple bacterial staining techniques.
E) The development of techniques for sterile transfer of bacteria.

Question 18

Which of the following scientists provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneous generation?

A) Pasteur
B) Needham
C) Redi
D) Buchner
E) Spallanzani

Question 19

Which of the following statements about algae is FALSE?

A) the group includes seaweeds and kelps.
B) they are photosynthetic organisms.
C) they provide most of the oxygen on Earth.
D) they are important in the degradation of dead plants and animals.
E) they are a source of food for aquatic and marine animals.

Question 20

Paul Ehrlich used chemotherapy to treat

A) cholera.
B) cancer.
C) anthrax.
D) smallpox.
E) syphilis.

Question 21

Which of the following types of microbe was NOT observed by Leeuwenhoek?

A) fungus
B) protozoan
C) prokaryote
D) alga
E) virus

Question 22

What was the first disease shown to be bacterial in origin?

A) yellow fever
B) cholera
C) anthrax
D) malaria
E) tuberculosis

Question 23

The experiments conducted by John T.Needham using infusions were interpreted as supporting the theory of

A) antisepsis.
B) bioremediation.
C) spontaneous generation.
D) etiology.
E) chemotherapy.

Question 24

Identification of bacteria in the laboratory usually begins with the ________ for placement in one of two large groups of bacteria.

A) Koch's stain
B) Gram stain
C) Pasteur fermentation test
D) Petri stain
E) Ehrlich magic test

Question 25

The principle of disinfection to reduce HAIs (healthcare associated infections)among patients was initially introduced by

A) L. Pasteur and R. Koch.
B) I. Semmelweis and J. Lister.
C) P. Erhlich and A. Fleming.
D) J. Snow and R. Koch.
E) E. Jenner and L. Pasteur.

Question 26

Whose search for chemicals that would kill microbes without harming humans was the foundation for chemotherapy?

A) Ehrlich
B) Koch
C) Gram
D) Lister
E) Pasteur

Question 27

Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nucleus are called

A) fungi.
B) pathogens.
C) eukaryotes.
D) prokaryotes.
E) viruses.

Question 28

The work of ________ on fermentation led to the discovery that enzymes are responsible for the chemical reactions that occur in cells.

A) Lister
B) Koch
C) Pasteur
D) Buchner
E) Woese

Question 29

Which of the following is an incorrect pairing?

A) protozoa; multicellular
B) fungi; cell walls
C) algae; aquatic and marine habitats
D) prokaryotes; no nuclei
E) viruses; acellular parasites

Question 30

Robert Koch was involved in research on all of the following topics EXCEPT

A) the cause of anthrax.
B) the cause of fermentation.
C) development of a method to determine the cause of an infectious disease.
D) the cause of tuberculosis.
E) techniques for isolating microbes in the laboratory.

Question 31

The work of Lister,Nightingale,and Semmelweis all contributed to controlling infectious disease by

A) developing techniques for isolating pathogens.
B) developing methods for reducing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs).
C) identifying the sources of infectious agents.
D) determining the taxonomic relationships among microbes.
E) developing vaccines.

Question 32

What is the correct order for the application of Koch's postulates?
I)Inoculate suspect agent into test subject and observe that subject develops disease of interest.
II)Isolate and culture suspect agent in the laboratory.
III)Find suspect agent is every case of disease of interest but not in healthy hosts.
IV)Recover and isolate suspect agent from test subject.

A) III, I, IV, II
B) IV, I, III, II
C) I, II, III, IV
D) III, II, I, IV
E) IV, I, II, III

Question 33

The term that literally means "against putrefaction" is

A) antisepsis.
B) prokaryote.
C) chemotherapy.
D) recombinant technology.
E) nosocomial.

Question 34

Who discovered penicillin?

A) Fleming
B) Ehrlich
C) Kitasato
D) Pasteur
E) Domagk

Question 35

John Snow's research during a cholera outbreak in London laid the foundation for which of the following branches of microbiology?

A) infection control only
B) epidemiology only
C) immunology only
D) both infection control and epidemiology
E) infection control, epidemiology, and immunology

Question 36

An explanation of observations and data supported by the experimental results of many scientists for many years is

A) a theory.
B) a hypothesis.
C) scientific method.
D) popular opinion.
E) a control group.

Question 37

The work of Eduard Buchner and the discovery of enzymes laid the foundations for the field of

A) biochemistry.
B) epidemiology.
C) immunology.
D) mycology.
E) genetics.

Question 38

Inserting a gene from the hepatitis B virus into yeast so that the yeast produces a viral protein is an example of

A) etiology.
B) genetic engineering.
C) immunology.
D) microbial genetics.
E) gene therapy.

Question 39

Which of the following was NOT an aspect of Pasteur's experiments to disprove spontaneous generation?

A) The necks of the flasks he used were bent into an S-shape.
B) He boiled the infusions to kill any microbes present.
C) The flasks were incubated for very long periods of time.
D) The flasks were free of microbes until they were opened.
E) The flasks he used were sealed with corks.

Question 40

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protozoa?

A) most exhibit asexual reproduction.
B) they are single-celled organisms.
C) they are eukaryotic organisms.
D) they are all photosynthetic.
E) they frequently possess cilia or flagella.

Question 41

Gene therapy is a modern approach to preventing infectious disease.

Question 42

Louis Pasteur is considered the Father of Microbiology because of the many carefully conducted experiments and observations he made with microbes.

Question 43

Joseph Lister reduced the incidence of wound infections in health care settings by using chlorinated lime water.

Question 44

Robert Koch sought a "magic bullet" for the treatment of disease caused by bacteria.

Question 45

A cell that contains a nucleus is called a(n)(prokaryotic/archaeal/eukaryotic)cell.

Question 46

The term for the use of microorganisms to restore damaged environments is

A) epidemiology.
B) bioremediation.
C) chemotherapy.
D) serology.
E) ecology.

Question 47

The amateur scientist (Koch/Leeuwenhoek/Pasteur)made his own microscopes and first reported the existence of microbes.

Question 48

The term ________ involves the study of the blood components that fight infection.

A) antisepsis
B) chemotherapy
C) etiology
D) serology
E) bioremediation

Question 49

Microbes that cause infectious disease are called (pathogens/germs/viruses).

Question 50

A scientist conducts experiments to test a(n)(observation/hypothesis/theory).

Question 51

Lazzaro Spallanzani was the first scientist to provide evidence disproving the spontaneous generation of microorganisms.

Question 52

A(n)(photosynthetic/algae/plant)organism makes its own food using light energy.

Question 53

Koch's postulates can be used to determine the causes of infectious diseases.

Question 54

The work of (Needham/Redi/Spallanzani)using infusions in sealed vials provided strong evidence that spontaneous generation does not occur.

Question 55

Fermentation can occur in the absence of living cells.

Question 56

Single-celled organisms known as diatoms have glasslike walls and are a type of algae.

Question 57

The field of ________ is a thoroughly modern discipline that has led to new ways to treat infectious disease.

A) recombinant DNA technology
B) epidemiology
C) immunology
D) serology
E) biochemistry

Question 58

Protozoa are also called prokaryotes.

Question 59

Single-celled eukaryotes that feed on other organisms and have a cell wall are (algae/fungi/protozoa).

Question 60

The production of human blood-clotting factor by E.coli is an example of bioremediation.

Question 61

Ignaz Semmelweis demonstrated the importance of (antisepsis/vaccination/washing)as a means of preventing disease transmission.

Question 62

A term synonymous with immunization,(vaccination/infection)is derived from the Latin name of the cowpox virus.

Question 63

Compare and contrast the three types of eukaryotic microbes.

Question 64

A (colony/habitat/biofilm)is a mixed population of microbes growing together on surfaces.

Question 65

The (physiology/metabolism)of an organism is all the chemical reactions that take place in the organism.

Question 66

Explain how the discipline of biochemistry grew out of the science of microbiology.

Question 67

Use the basic steps of the scientific method to describe Pasteur's experiments to investigate spontaneous generation.

Question 68

Spallanzani's experiments contradicted the experiments of (Needham/Redi/Pasteur)on spontaneous generation.

Question 69

Biotechnology can be said to have ancient roots.Explain.

Question 70

You are a young scientist who has just learned about one of the hot topics in microbiology,biofilms.One aspect of the interest in biofilms is that the microbes living within biofilms appear to behave and function differently from their counterparts not living in a biofilm.Devise a way to explore the idea.(Do not focus on the technical details of how this might be accomplished.)

Question 71

The use of chemicals to treat diseases such as bacterial infections is called (gene therapy/chemotherapy).

Question 72

The work of Oswald Avery,George Beadle,Edward Tatum and many others into the role of DNA laid the foundations of (microbial genetics/microbiology/recombinant DNA technology).

Question 73

Research done in Robert Koch's laboratory laid the foundation for (epidemiology/immunology/etiology),the study of the body's defenses against disease.