Deck 16: The Enlightenment: From Conflict to Tolerance

Question 1

What marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War?

A) German nobility wanted to overthrow the Holy Roman Emperor
B) Ferdinand II cancelled religious freedom in Bohemia
C) French troops launched a raid on a Swiss battalion
D) French King Louis IV invaded the western part of the Holy Roman Empire

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What was the response of the German Lutheran's to the Thirty Years' War?

A) They initially gave robust support to the Protestant cause, but ultimately withdrew because of the cost
B) They supported the Catholic cause because it guaranteed that they would gain more land
C) They stood aloof from it all
D) Some fought for the Protestant cause and others for the Catholic cause

Answer 2

C

Question 3

At the time of the Thirty Years' War, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, Austria, and Bohemia were all ruled by:

A) The Pope
B) The French, by way of intermarriage
C) The Hapsburg family
D) The Holy Roman Emperor

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which side of the Thirty years' War did the French support?

A) Protestant
B) Catholic
C) Lutheran, but not Calvinist
D) The Papal States

Question 5

What ended the Thirty Years' War?

A) The civil war in England
B) The Clemency Agreement
C) The Hinderland Accord
D) The Peace of Westphalia

Question 6

What was the author's assessment of the Thirty Years' War?

A) Germany ultimately won, given its land expansion
B) The biggest loser was France, which lost finances, land, and religious freedoms
C) Each country made both gains and losses
D) It was a debacle with horrendous loss

Question 7

What were French Protestants called?

A) Valores
B) Huguenots
C) Bon Vivants
D) Baptists

Question 8

What was the relationship between the Catholic French government and French Calvinists?

A) Calvinists fortunes vacillated between tolerance and persecution
B) Calvinists were persecuted up to the French Revolution
C) Calvinists were widely tolerated until Henry Bourbon took the throne
D) Calvinists flourished in the south, but were persecuted in the north

Question 9

How did the Puritans come by their name?

A) They wanted to purify English society of sinful practices (e.g., dancing)
B) They wanted to purify the Church of England from any semblance of Catholicism
C) They wanted to purify themselves of sin
D) Their enemies called them this as a way of saying they were self-righteous

Question 10

What is the Presbyterian model of church governance?

A) It is ruled by a council of elders
B) It is ruled by a bishop and his priests, but they had to get the people's agreement for any changes to the church
C) It is ruled by a House of Commons
D) It is ruled as a democracy

Question 11

How were the English Protestants' concerns about King James I allayed?

A) He wrote the King James Bible
B) Catholics tried to kill him and members of Parliament
C) He was made to swear an oath of allegiance to the Church of England
D) They never were as they always suspected him of Catholic sympathies

Question 12

What was the author's assessment of the King James Bible?

A) It was linguistically beautiful, but actually a very poor translation
B) It was an excellent translation, but the language was far from the way common English talked
C) It was the finest translation of the Bible in the vernacular to date
D) It was an honorable attempt, but was theologically problematic

Question 13

What was interesting about Roger Williams who founded Rhode Island and the first Baptist church in the Americas?

A) He wasn't even a Christian at the time
B) He was asked to be the pastor each year for twelve years and finally relented and agreed
C) He argued for a United Colonies of America, this over 150 years before the Declaration of Independence
D) He argued for the separation of church and state as well as religious toleration

Question 14

What did Oliver Cromwell oversee?

A) The execution of the king and Puritan laws put into place in England
B) The collapse of the Tudor dynasty and the rise of the House of William and Mary
C) Massive colonization in the Americas and East Indies
D) The rebuilding of churches and monasteries in England after their civil war

Question 15

Did Oliver Cromwell support the bishops of England?

A) Yes, he found them the appropriate power to check the King's power
B) Yes, he even tried to get the archbishop of Canterbury made king
C) No, as a Puritan, he rejected the episcopal model
D) No, as a Puritan he believed that all are priests, all are bishops

Question 16

Does the author believe the term Wars of Religion is apt?

A) Yes, he thought it was the scandal of the Christian faith
B) Yes, and he argued that little had really changed, except for the massive loss of life
C) No, he called them wars of belief, not wars of religion
D) No, he said they were European wars, and religion was just one important factor

Question 17

Regarding the Wars of Religion, the author quotes Cavanaugh's The Myth of Religious Violence to argue what?

A) There are numerous examples where religious loyalties were trumped by other concerns
B) None of the wars were ultimately concerned for religious issues
C) Modern wars were based on the Wars of Religion
D) Religious concerns turned out to be a private affair during the Wars of Religion

Question 18

The author described denominations creating documents that secured their beliefs. What did the Reformed tradition rely on?

A) The Book of Concord
B) The Thirty-Nine Articles
C) Calvin's Institutes
D) The Book of Common Prayer

Question 19

The author describes the Enlightenment as:

A) The age of cultural maturity
B) The age of church decline
C) The age of brutality
D) The age of reason

Question 20

What made Copernicus hesitant to publish his theory that the sun was the center of the solar system?

A) He challenged formal church teaching
B) He challenged the witness of the Bible
C) He challenged the working models most scientists had at the time
D) His benefactor threatened to withdraw all support, leaving him a pauper

Question 21

What was Galileo's sentence for being found guilty of heresy?

A) He was restricted to his villa in Florence
B) He was put in the papal dungeon
C) He was banished from Italy, and his possessions were confiscated
D) He was burned at the stake

Question 22

What did Denis Diderot and Paul d'Holbach argue that led to their conclusion God was unnecessary?

A) Matter worked mechanically through the laws of physics
B) Matter and motion were eternal
C) God as a first cause also would have to be considered a contingent being, thus the universe could have no noncontingent being, that is, God
D) They argued, God was dead

Question 23

According to the author what best characterizes the church's relationship to science?

A) It was widely opposed to science
B) It stayed aloof from science
C) It argued that these were different magisteria and thus unrelated
D) It supported scientific discovery

Question 24

What was the point of the movement of rationalism?

A) To find ways to argue doctrine with intellectual rigor
B) To secure knowledge by reason rather than by revelation
C) Ultimately to prove that God did not exist
D) To create a society under the banner Rationes Pontificus

Question 25

What is empiricism?

A) Knowledge by experience
B) Knowledge by unbiased thought
C) Knowledge by revelation
D) Knowledge for knowledge sake

Question 26

What was David Hume's understanding of miracles?

A) They represented proof of God that went beyond rational explanation
B) They required faith, which ultimately is the foundation for sound religion
C) They represented a prescientific imagination
D) They represented the kinds of beliefs that ought to lead one to atheism

Question 27

According to a Deistic framework, what was God's relationship to the world?

A) God guided the world, but without revelation
B) God's omnipresence in the world was conditioned on his being eternal: eternity allows for ubiquity
C) God is all knowing, and thus all things are predestined
D) God is unrelated to the world, but would judge people after death

Question 28

What was the French Enlightenment thinkers' relationship to the church?

A) They were hostile
B) They sought a way to unite faith and reason
C) They created philosophies that ultimately helped church theologians, though this would be long after they died
D) Unlike the English Enlightenment thinkers, they were among the most devout

Question 29

What was the author's assessment of Enlightenment confidence in human nature?

A) He believes that it is the only real hope for a modern Christianity
B) He finds it unwarranted, given secular wars and the degradation of the earth
C) He calls it the basis for everything we hold sacred today
D) He said that the verdict is still out on the results of the Enlightenment

Question 30

According to the author, how ingrained is philosophical naturalism in the West?

A) It is still the minority position, but gaining strength
B) In scholarly discourse, it is the orthodoxy of the intellectual world
C) It is ironically the very thing that has buttressed modern faith
D) The author said it could not be assessed

Question 31

Martin Luther was opposed to the German Peasants' War.

Question 32

The Peace of Augsburg allowed Catholics to live in Catholic principalities; Lutherans to live in Lutheran principalities; and Calvinists to live in Calvinist principalities.

Question 33

After Ferdinand was dethroned in Bohemia, he became the Holy Roman emperor.

Question 34

The Peace of Westphalia established the sovereignty of nation states.

Question 35

Cardinal Richelieu of France withdrew Calvinists' right to worship.

Question 36

One reason Puritans distrusted King James I was that his mother, Mary, Queen of Scots, was a staunch Catholic.

Question 37

The King James Bible actually was only produced 100 years after his death.

Question 38

When the Puritans fully ran England, they abolished sports and theater.

Question 39

According to the author, the latter half of the Thirty Years' War was fundamentally a proxy between Catholic France and Catholic Hapsburgs.

Question 40

The primary document of the Lutheran Church is the Thirty-Nine Articles.

Question 41

According to the author, an important motivation for Pope Urban arresting Galileo was that Galileo mocked him publicly.

Question 42

Galileo's understanding of the relationship between science and religion was that there was none.

Question 43

Christianity has a long reactive history against science.

Question 44

John Locke believed that philosophy virtually proved God did not exist.

Question 45

The Enlightenment ultimately undermined religious toleration.

Question 46

Do you think the Thirty Years' War succeeded in satisfying the criteria of Just War Theory? Explain your answer.

Question 47

The author claims that the Wars of Religion were less interested in religion as they were in politics and economics. What are his arguments and do you think that they are persuasive?

Question 48

Many scientists are atheists who believe that scientific inquiry can explain most or all of the conditions of the universe. Do you believe this is a justified position? Why or why not?

Question 49

Do you think the Enlightenment's faith in humanity is justified? In what ways might it be and how might it be challenged?

Question 50

The author believes that the church has principally supported science throughout his history. What are his arguments, and do you think he is persuasive?