Deck 2: Race, Immigration, and Citizenship From the 1840s to the 1920s

Question 1

What made the conditions of the eighteenth and nineteenth century Irish peasant comparable to those of an American Slave?

A) Famine and hunger
B) Religious persecution
C) An oppressive caste system
D) Racial discrimination

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What were the stock characters used to belittle the Irish and African Americans in early-stage shows?

A) Jim Crow
B) Jim Dandy
C) Foolish Pat
D) All of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What benefit did the early Irish immigrant laborers gain from becoming White?

A) They could be tried by a jury of their peers.
B) They got the best jobs.
C) They were accepted by the upper-class elites.
D) They could hire and fire their peers.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Although later used to determine which races were the most intellectually "fit," intelligence tests were originally designed to:

A) screen women for feeble-mindedness.
B) identify children who needed extra help in school.
C) determine eligibility for military enlistment.
D) detect cases of mental illness.

Question 5

H. H. Goddard believed that feeble-mindedness was inherited. To test his theory, he administered intelligence tests to immigrants as they arrived at Ellis Island, finding that many received low scores. What was problematic with Goddard's method of testing intelligence?

A) The tests were administered to immigrants who barely spoke English.
B) The type of intelligence test he administered was unreliable.
C) Goddard only tested people from Italy.
D) Children under the age of 10 were excluded from testing.

Question 6

Arthur Jensen from University of California-Berkeley published an article in Harvard Educational Review titled: "How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?" Which of the following did Jensen believe?

A) Mexicans have lower intelligence than White People.
B) Head Start programs will help Black children get higher IQ scores.
C) Difference in intelligence is genetic.
D) Bias exists in IQ tests, but most are reliable.

Question 7

According to Stephen Jay Gould what is the primary error in intelligence testing?

A) Gender bias
B) Calculation error
C) Statistical variation
D) The reification of intelligence

Question 8

Jensen's argument that intelligence can be measured with IQ tests, is inherited, and explains the differences between racial groups inspired which of the following books:

A) The Bell Curve.
B) A Troublesome Truth: Genes, Racism, and Policy.
C) Better Brains: A New Theory of Intelligence.
D) Too Smart to Fail.

Question 9

Eugenicists believed a superior breed of people is achieved through "controlled breeding" and the sterilization of the biologically "unfit." Eugenics proponents based their ideas on the belief that:

A) intelligence is determined at birth.
B) people of low intelligence should never marry.
C) intelligence and moral traits could be inherited.
D) intelligence can be learned.

Question 10

One of the main proponents of eugenics, Madison Grant, argued that Europe could be divided into three races, which he identified as:

A) Nordics, Asiatics, and Africanus.
B) Caucasoid, Menasoid, Eurasasoid.
C) Nordics, Alpines, and Mediterraneans.
D) Grecian, Roman, and Druidian.

Question 11

Madison Grant's ideas found a large audience. A famous supporter was:

A) George Wallace.
B) Adolf Hitler.
C) William Shockley.
D) Charles Darwin.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT citizenship legislation created to target one specific race?

A) 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
B) 1917 Immigration Act
C) 1924 Native American Citizenship Act
D) 1943 Japanese American Internment Camp Act

Question 13

Early immigration policies, such as the Immigration Act of 1917, were enacted as a way to:

A) limit Mexican immigration to the United States.
B) improve the racial composition of the United States.
C) prevent interracial marriages.
D) encourage cheaper labor to come to the United States.

Question 14

In stark contrast to current debates about immigration policy, the immigration legislation of the late 1800s and early 1900s did not address restrictions on:

A) Chinese immigration.
B) Burmese immigration.
C) Mexican immigration.
D) Indian immigration.

Question 15

Historian Erika Lee argues that the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act made the United States a(n):

A) alienation nation.
B) nativists nation.
C) intolerant nation.
D) gatekeeping nation.

Question 16

Birthright citizenship is also known as:

A) jus soli.
B) pluribus unam.
C) juris americanus.
D) vivamus allus.

Question 17

Which two Supreme Court cases demonstrated the extent to which Whiteness was based on "common knowledge?"

A) Plessy v. Ferguson and Dred Scott v. Virginia
B) Gong Lum v. United States and Patel v. United States
C) Takao Ozawa v. United States and United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind
D) Korematsu v. United States and United States v. Raj Bakshi

Question 18

In 1913, a Jewish man, was accused of murdering a 14-year-old White girl in his Factory and lynched by a mob. What was his name?

A) Saul Goodman
B) Leo Frank
C) David Goldmann
D) Sam Weinberg

Question 19

All of the following pieces of legislation were used to strip Native Americans of their historical land except:

A) the 1851 Indian Appropriations Act.
B) the 1871 Indian Appropriations Act.
C) the 1887 Dawes Act.
D) the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act.

Question 20

Reconstruction ended in 1877 when what happened?

A) The Ku Klux Klan was founded.
B) Black legislators were not allowed to hold office.
C) Federal troops were pulled from the South.
D) Abraham Lincoln died.

Question 21

Why is the critical period for analyzing the contested boundary of Whiteness the 1840s through the 1920s?

Question 22

What was wrong with Arthur Jensen's heritability method?

Question 23

What did Nazi extremism fuelled by eugenics cause White Americans to question?

Question 24

The Johnson-Reed Act of 1924 set quotas for the number of immigrants who could enter the United States. Which four groups were not included in the quotas?

Question 25

What is the difference between birth right citizenship and naturalization?

Question 26

What did legal scholar Ian Haney-Lopez say happened when Armenians were classified as White by law?

Question 27

What are examples of assimilation and racialization?

Question 28

What were some of the reasons Italian immigrants faced discrimination?

Question 29

Captain Richard Pratt founded the Carlisle Indian School. What was his mission for these schools and what did it mean?

Question 30

During Reconstruction, Black legislators passed laws that generated opportunity for Black Americans. What were some of them?

Question 31

According to pseudoscientists like Nicholas Wade, why are there so few Black Olympic swimmers representing the United States? What would be a sociological explanation?

Question 32

Please explain how intelligence testing went from a tool to help children in school to a tool to "prove" racial inferiority?

Question 33

Who is this person and what does his story teach us?

Question 34

According to Ian Haney-Lopez, how was "common knowledge" used in Ozawa and Thind?

Question 35

What does the death of Police Chief David Hennessy tell us about the Whiteness of Italians?