Deck 20: Ratio Schedules

Question 1

Variable ratio schedules produce a ____ rate of responding, with almost no post-reinforcement pauses.

A) high
B) Low

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to the text, there are a few differences between typical gambling contingencies with a slot machine (one-armed bandit) and the usual variable-ratio schedules of the Skinner box, in the professional research laboratory:
-Gambling has many learned reinforcers, in addition to the dollar payoffs.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

According to the text, there are a few differences between typical gambling contingencies with a slot machine (one-armed bandit) and the usual variable-ratio schedules of the Skinner box, in the professional research laboratory:
-The average ratios for pay off often require many more responses in gambling.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

According to the text, there are a few differences between typical gambling contingencies with a slot machine (one-armed bandit) and the usual variable-ratio schedules of the Skinner box, in the professional research laboratory:
-With gambling, the amount of the dollar reinforcer varies from trial to trial.

Question 5

According to the text, there are a few differences between typical gambling contingencies with a slot machine (one-armed bandit) and the usual variable-ratio schedules of the Skinner box, in the professional research laboratory:
-With the slot machine, the ratio to receive the reinforcer is much lower than what you could achieve in the Skinner box.

Question 6

According to the text, there are a few differences between typical gambling contingencies with a slot machine (one-armed bandit) and the usual variable-ratio schedules of the Skinner box, in the professional research laboratory:
-With gambling, the emotional reaction is itself reinforcing.

Question 7

Several boys dive for the coin each time one is tossed in the water. For the typical boy, what schedule of reinforcement will this be?

A) continuous reinforcement
B) variable-ratio
B) variable-ratio
C) variable-interval
D) differential reinforcement of low rate.

Question 8

On a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement, the larger the ratio, the ____ the post reinforcement pause.

A) longer
B) shorter

Question 9

Counting IS a requirement for fixed ratio responding, i.e., for Rudolph Rat to respond correctly on an FR 10, he must be able to count his 10 responses.

Question 10

Pigeons CANNOT work on a ratio of much more than 20 or 30.

Question 11

For shaping behavior, the best type of schedule of reinforcement to use is

A) fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement
B) variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement
C) schedule of continuous reinforcement

Question 12

Every now and then the teacher notices Bully Bob picking on the other kids; but many times, Bob sneaks a pinch or a hit, without the teacher catching him. However, when Bob is caught, he gets five minutes of time out. The time-out contingency is probably an example of

A) variable-ratio punishment
B) fixed-ratio punishment
C) variable-ratio escape
D) fixed-ratio escape

Question 13

If we make the ratio too high too quickly, then the response would extinguish. Extinction due to this procedural error is known as

A) post reinforcement pause
B) ratio strain
C) ratio schedule
D) the break even

Question 14

What is the relationship between the length of a pause and the size of the ratio in a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

A) large ratio, longer pause
B) small ratio, longer pause
C) no relationship
D) variable relationship

Question 15

What do behavior analysts' mean by strain?

A) Tiring the muscles of the organism
B) Ratio too high too quickly, resulting in extinction

Question 16

What is a specific pellet of food for a deprived rat?

A) Reinforcer
B) Reinforcement

Question 17

What is the immediate delivery of a food pellet contingent on a food-deprived rat's lever press with a resulting increased rate of pressing?

A) reinforcer
B) reinforcement

Question 18

What is the immediate delivery of a quarter, contingent on a money-deprived prof's pleading for a raise, with a resulting increased rate of pleading?

A) reinforcer
B) reinforcement

Question 19

Write the correct letter in the table below (some may be used more than once and some not at all).
Compare and Contrast:
Discrete Trial vs. Free Operant Procedures
$\begin{array}{l}&Discrete ~Trial&Free~ Operant\\\hline\text{Is there an}S^{D}\text{ and an }S^{?}&-&-\\\hline\text{Is there an intertrial interval}&-&-\\\hline\text{The measure is}&-&-\\\hline\end{array}$
a. yes
b. no
c. sometimes
d. usually not
e. latency or accuracy
f. rate
g. volume
h. intensity

Question 20

Please match the following definitions with the terms below.
-After a response is reinforced, no responding occurs for a period of time, then responding occurs at a high, steady rate until the next reinforcer is delivered. (This is the responding, not a schedule.)

A) Intermittent reinforcement
B) Continuous reinforcement (CRF)
C) Schedule of reinforcement
D) Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement
E) Fixed-ratio responding
F) Variable-ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement
G) Variable-ratio responding

Question 21

Please match the following definitions with the terms below.
-The way reinforcement occurs because of the number of responses, time since reinforcement, time between responses, and stimulus conditions.

A) Intermittent reinforcement
B) Continuous reinforcement (CRF)
C) Schedule of reinforcement
D) Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement
E) Fixed-ratio responding
F) Variable-ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement
G) Variable-ratio responding

Question 22

Please match the following definitions with the terms below.
-These schedules produce a high rate of responding, with almost no post reinforcement pausing. (This is the responding, not a schedule.)

A) Intermittent reinforcement
B) Continuous reinforcement (CRF)
C) Schedule of reinforcement
D) Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement
E) Fixed-ratio responding
F) Variable-ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement
G) Variable-ratio responding

Question 23

Please match the following definitions with the terms below.
-A reinforcer is contingent on the last of a fixed number of responses.

A) Intermittent reinforcement
B) Continuous reinforcement (CRF)
C) Schedule of reinforcement
D) Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement
E) Fixed-ratio responding
F) Variable-ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement
G) Variable-ratio responding

Question 24

Please match the following definitions with the terms below.
-Reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer follows the response only once in a while.

A) Intermittent reinforcement
B) Continuous reinforcement (CRF)
C) Schedule of reinforcement
D) Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement
E) Fixed-ratio responding
F) Variable-ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement
G) Variable-ratio responding

Question 25

Please match the following definitions with the terms below.
-A reinforcer is contingent on the last of a variable number of responses.

A) Intermittent reinforcement
B) Continuous reinforcement (CRF)
C) Schedule of reinforcement
D) Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement
E) Fixed-ratio responding
F) Variable-ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement
G) Variable-ratio responding

Question 26

Please match the following definitions with the terms below.
-A reinforcer follows each response.

A) Intermittent reinforcement
B) Continuous reinforcement (CRF)
C) Schedule of reinforcement
D) Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement
E) Fixed-ratio responding
F) Variable-ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement
G) Variable-ratio responding

Question 27

Fill in the Blank

-Continuous reinforcement (CRF)
$\bullet$ A reinforcer follows each __________________.

Question 28

Fill in the Blank

-Intermittent reinforcement
$\bullet$ Reinforcement schedule in which a ______________________follows the response only once in a while.

Question 29

Fill in the Blank

-Schedule of reinforcement
$\bullet$ The way reinforcement occurs
$\bullet$ because of the ________________________ of responses,
$\bullet$ _____________________ since reinforcement,
$\bullet$ time between responses,
$\bullet$ and stimulus ____________________________.

Question 30

Fill in the Blank

-Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement
$\bullet$ A reinforcer is _________________________________ on
$\bullet$ the last of a ____________________________ number of responses.

Question 31

Fill in the Blank

-Fixed-ratio pattern of responding
$\bullet$ After a response is ____________________________,
$\bullet$ no responding occurs for a period of time,
$\bullet$ then responding occurs at a _____________________, steady rate
$\bullet$ until the next _____________________________ is delivered.

Question 32

Fill in the Blank

-Variable-ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement
$\bullet$ A reinforcer is ________________________ on
$\bullet$ the last of a __________________________number of responses.

Question 33

Fill in the Blank

-Variable-ratio pattern of responding
$\bullet$ Variable-ratio schedules produce
$\bullet$ a ___________________________ rate of responding,
$\bullet$ with almost no _____________________________ pausing.

Question 34

Fill in the Blank

-Independent variable
$\bullet$ The variable the experimenter systematically _________________________
$\bullet$ to influence the ___________________________ variable.

Question 35

Fill in the Blank

-Dependent variable
$\bullet$ A measure of the subject's _________________________.

Question 36

Define the following terms:
-Continuous reinforcement (CRF)

Question 37

Define the following terms:
-Intermittent reinforcement

Question 38

Define the following terms:
-Schedule of reinforcement

Question 39

Define the following terms:
-Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement

Question 40

Define the following terms:
-Fixed-ratio pattern of responding

Question 41

Define the following terms:
-Variable-ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement

Question 42

Define the following terms:
-Variable-ratio pattern of responding

Question 43

Define the following terms:
-Independent variable

Question 44

Define the following terms:
-Dependent variable

Question 45

For each of the following concepts, provide a good example from the book, from your own life, or from your creative imagination..
-Continuous reinforcement (CRF)

Question 46

For each of the following concepts, provide a good example from the book, from your own life, or from your creative imagination..
-Intermittent reinforcement

Question 47

For each of the following concepts, provide a good example from the book, from your own life, or from your creative imagination..
-Schedule of reinforcement

Question 48

For each of the following concepts, provide a good example from the book, from your own life, or from your creative imagination..
-Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule of reinforcement

Question 49

For each of the following concepts, provide a good example from the book, from your own life, or from your creative imagination..
-Fixed-ratio pattern of responding

Question 50

For each of the following concepts, provide a good example from the book, from your own life, or from your creative imagination..
-Variable-ratio (VR) schedule of reinforcement

Question 51

For each of the following concepts, provide a good example from the book, from your own life, or from your creative imagination..
-Variable-ratio pattern of responding

Question 52

For each of the following concepts, provide a good example from the book, from your own life, or from your creative imagination..
-Independent variable

Question 53

For each of the following concepts, provide a good example from the book, from your own life, or from your creative imagination..
-Dependent variable

Question 54

Intermittent reinforcement- Describe how it applies to the behavior of diving for coins.

Question 55

Continuous reinforcement-Give an everyday example.

Question 56

What type of schedule of reinforcement is best for shaping behavior? Give an example.

Question 57

Fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement-Give a Skinner-box example.

Question 58

Post-reinforcement pause-give an example.

Question 59

What is the relationship between the length of a pause and the size of the ratio in a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

Question 60

How would you build up to a high ratio requirement?

Question 61

What do behavior analysts' mean by straining the ratio?

Question 62

For a pigeon to respond on a fixed-ratio 20,000 schedule of reinforcement, does the pigeon have to be able to count the responses? Explain.

Question 63

Give four differences between typical gambling contingencies and the usual variable-ratio schedules of the Skinner box in the professional research laboratory, not necessarily an introductory student lab.

Question 64

What's an example of
a. a free-operant procedure in the Skinner box?
b. a discrete-trial procedure in the Skinner box?
c. a discrete-trial procedure in the classroom?
d. a free-operant procedure in the classroom?
e. a free-operant procedure using discriminative stimuli?

Question 65

The following is an example of a/an

a. polyglot
b. cumulative record
c. accumulative record
d. none of the above