Deck 18: Shaping

Question 1

An example of terminal behavior is when a child has misbehaved so much that the teacher sends her to the principal's office.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Initial behavior is the frequency of responding before reinforcement.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Operant level is the rate of operation, once a skill is completely mastered and fully operational.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Wearing glasses is NOT behavior?

Question 5

Differential reinforcement and shaping are NOT the same procedures.

Question 6

Variable-outcome shaping is a natural process rarely found in the research lab, more often in the everyday lab of Mama Nature.

Question 7

Contrary to popular opinion, it is possible to do shaping with punishment.

Question 8

Shaping is the same as getting in shape

Question 9

Getting Rudolph to press the lever often involves behavioral chaining, not just shaping.

Question 10

One interesting feature of using a punishment procedure to shape Rudolph's 100-gram lever presses is that you don't need to have a reinforcement contingency going throughout the entire shaping procedure.

Question 11

Even though the terminal behavior occurs with a moderate frequency before your intervention, you will probably need to use shaping rather than a differential reinforcement procedure.

Question 12

Training Rudolph to increase the force of the lever press involves

A) Shaping
B) Chaining
C) All of the above
D) None of the above

Question 13

________ shaping is usually planned by a behavior modifier.

A) Fixed-Outcome
B) Variable-Outcome

Question 14

When requiring a mental hospital resident to make sounds that more closely approximated words, lips movements was the __________ behavior?

A) Terminal behavior
B) Intermediate behavior
C) Initial Behavior

Question 15

Match the numbers to the words that goes in each box in comparing variable-outcome shaping and fixed-outcome shaping.

-No reinforcers
B) Weaker reinforcers
C) Performance manager
D) Nature
E) One
F) Many

Question 16

Match the numbers to the words that goes in each box in comparing variable-outcome shaping and fixed-outcome shaping.

-No reinforcers
B) Weaker reinforcers
C) Performance manager
D) Nature
E) One
F) Many

Question 17

Match the numbers to the words that goes in each box in comparing variable-outcome shaping and fixed-outcome shaping.

-No reinforcers
B) Weaker reinforcers
C) Performance manager
D) Nature
E) One
F) Many

Question 18

Match the numbers to the words that goes in each box in comparing variable-outcome shaping and fixed-outcome shaping.

-No reinforcers
B) Weaker reinforcers
C) Performance manager
D) Nature
E) One
F) Many

Question 19

Match the numbers to the words that goes in each box in comparing variable-outcome shaping and fixed-outcome shaping.

-No reinforcers
B) Weaker reinforcers
C) Performance manager
D) Nature
E) One
F) Many

Question 20

Match the numbers to the words that goes in each box in comparing variable-outcome shaping and fixed-outcome shaping.

-No reinforcers
B) Weaker reinforcers
C) Performance manager
D) Nature
E) One
F) Many

Question 21

Please match the following definitions with the terms below. (Not all of the terms will necessarily be used. In fact, some may be fictitious.)

-Operant level

A)Behavior not in the repertoire or not occurring at the desired frequency; the goal of the intervention.
B)The frequency of responding before reinforcement.
C)Behavior that resembles the terminal behavior along some meaningful dimension and occurs at least with a minimal frequency.
D)Behavior that more closely approximates the terminal behavior.
E)The differential reinforcement of only the behavior that more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior.
F)The differential punishment of all behavior except that which more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior.

Question 22

Please match the following definitions with the terms below. (Not all of the terms will necessarily be used. In fact, some may be fictitious.)

-Shaping with reinforcement

A)Behavior not in the repertoire or not occurring at the desired frequency; the goal of the intervention.
B)The frequency of responding before reinforcement.
C)Behavior that resembles the terminal behavior along some meaningful dimension and occurs at least with a minimal frequency.
D)Behavior that more closely approximates the terminal behavior.
E)The differential reinforcement of only the behavior that more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior.
F)The differential punishment of all behavior except that which more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior.

Question 23

Please match the following definitions with the terms below. (Not all of the terms will necessarily be used. In fact, some may be fictitious.)

-Shaping with punishment

A)Behavior not in the repertoire or not occurring at the desired frequency; the goal of the intervention.
B)The frequency of responding before reinforcement.
C)Behavior that resembles the terminal behavior along some meaningful dimension and occurs at least with a minimal frequency.
D)Behavior that more closely approximates the terminal behavior.
E)The differential reinforcement of only the behavior that more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior.
F)The differential punishment of all behavior except that which more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior.

Question 24

Please match the following definitions with the terms below. (Not all of the terms will necessarily be used. In fact, some may be fictitious.)

-Initial behavior

A)Behavior not in the repertoire or not occurring at the desired frequency; the goal of the intervention.
B)The frequency of responding before reinforcement.
C)Behavior that resembles the terminal behavior along some meaningful dimension and occurs at least with a minimal frequency.
D)Behavior that more closely approximates the terminal behavior.
E)The differential reinforcement of only the behavior that more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior.
F)The differential punishment of all behavior except that which more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior.

Question 25

Please match the following definitions with the terms below. (Not all of the terms will necessarily be used. In fact, some may be fictitious.)

-Intermediate behaviors

A)Behavior not in the repertoire or not occurring at the desired frequency; the goal of the intervention.
B)The frequency of responding before reinforcement.
C)Behavior that resembles the terminal behavior along some meaningful dimension and occurs at least with a minimal frequency.
D)Behavior that more closely approximates the terminal behavior.
E)The differential reinforcement of only the behavior that more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior.
F)The differential punishment of all behavior except that which more and more closely resembles the terminal behavior.

Question 26

Fill in the Blank

-Terminal behavior
$\bullet$ Behavior not in the ______________________________
$\bullet$ or not occurring at the ______________________________ frequency;
$\bullet$ the ______________________________ of the intervention.

Question 27

Fill in the Blank

-Operant level
$\bullet$ The frequency of responding ______________________________ reinforcement.

Question 28

Fill in the Blank

-Initial behavior
$\bullet$ Behavior that ______________________________ the terminal behavior
$\bullet$ along some ______________________________ dimension
$\bullet$ and occurs at least with a minimal ______________________________.

Question 29

Fill in the Blank

-Intermediate behaviors
$\bullet$ Behavior that more closely ______________________________ the terminal behavior.

Question 30

Fill in the Blank

-Shaping with reinforcement
$\bullet$ The ______________________________ reinforcement of only the behavior
$\bullet$ that more and more closely resembles the ______________________________ behavior.

Question 31

Fill in the Blank

-Shaping with punishment
$\bullet$ The ______________________________ punishment of all behavior
$\bullet$ except that which more and more closely resembles the ______________________________ behavior.

Question 32

Fill in the Blank

-Fixed-outcome shaping
$\bullet$ Shaping that involves no change in the _____________________________of the reinforcer,
$\bullet$ as ______________________________ more and more closely resembles
$\bullet$ the ______________________________ behavior.

Question 33

Fill in the Blank

-Variable-outcome shaping
$\bullet$ Shaping that involves a change in the ______________________________ of the reinforcer,
$\bullet$ as ______________________________ more and more closely resembles
$\bullet$ the ______________________________ behavior

Question 34

Define the following concepts:
-Terminal behavior

Question 35

Define the following concepts:
-Initial behavior

Question 36

Define the following concepts:
-Operant level

Question 37

Define the following concepts:
-Intermediate behaviors

Question 38

Define the following concepts:
-Shaping with reinforcement

Question 39

Define the following concepts:
-Shaping with punishment

Question 40

Define the following concepts:
-Fixed- Outcome shaping

Question 41

Define the following concepts:
-Variable-outcome shaping

Question 42

Give a brief example of each of the following:
-Terminal behavior

Question 43

Give a brief example of each of the following:
-Initial behavior

Question 44

Give a brief example of each of the following:
-Operant level

Question 45

Give a brief example of each of the following:
-Intermediate behaviors

Question 46

Give a brief example of each of the following:
-Shaping with reinforcement

Question 47

Give a brief example of each of the following:
-Shaping with punishment

Question 48

Give a brief example of each of the following:
-Fixed- Outcome shaping

Question 49

Give a brief example of each of the following:
-Variable-outcome shaping

Question 50

How would you shape putting on glasses? Include:
$\bullet$ the terminal behavior
$\bullet$ the initial behavior
$\bullet$ the intermediate behaviors
$\bullet$ the response dimensions
$\bullet$ the reinforcer
$\bullet$ the results

Question 51

Is wearing glasses behavior? Please explain.

Question 52

Give a pair of related examples showing the differences between differential reinforcement and shaping.

Question 53

Describe a shaping procedure to raise voice intensity. Include:
$\bullet$ the terminal behavior
$\bullet$ the initial behavior
$\bullet$ the intermediate behaviors
$\bullet$ the response dimension for each behavior
$\bullet$ the reinforcer
$\bullet$ the contingency
$\bullet$ the results

Question 54

Shaping with punishment-give an example. Include:
$\bullet$
the terminal behavior
$\bullet$
the initial behavior
$\bullet$
the response dimensions
$\bullet$
the shaping procedure
$\bullet$ the punishment contingency
$\bullet$ the reinforcement contingency
$\bullet$ the results

Question 55

Diagram a variable-outcome shaping procedure to improve squirming as a means of locomotion.

Question 56

Diagram a variable-outcome shaping procedure to improve locomotion from squirming up through running.

Question 57

Fixed-outcome shaping and variable-outcome shaping-diagram two similar examples showing the difference.

Question 58

How would you shape lever presses of 100 grams of force using a reinforcement contingency?

Question 59

Give an example of each of the following techniques:
a. shaping
b. fading
c. reinforcer reduction

Question 60

What are the similarities and differences between these three procedures-shaping, fading, and reinforcer reduction?

Question 61

How would you shape lever presses of 100 grams force using a punishment contingency?

Question 62

To shape 100-gram lever presses with punishment, do you need to keep a reinforcement contingency going throughout the entire shaping procedure? Please explain.

Question 63

Is shaping the same as getting in shape? Of course not. Why not?

Question 64

Explain why it's often wrong to talk about shaping the lever press, and explain how shaping CAN be involved in lever press training.

Question 65

Show the difference between shaping and behavioral chaining with a human student example.

Question 66

Fill in the missing words for
-Variable-Outcome Shaping Along the Force Dimension

Question 67

Fill in the missing words for
-Variable-Outcome Shaping Along the Topography Dimension