Deck 8: Human Development and Socialization

Question 1

What is the common psychological label for the developmental period during which a child has reached sexual maturity but has not yet taken on the rights and responsibilities of the adult status?

A) Immaturity
B) Adolescence
C) Juvenile behavior
D) Early adulthood
E) Youth

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is the common term for the developmental period during which an individual has achieved the adult status prescribed by norms and laws of a particular society?

A) Parenthood
B) Legal status
C) Old age
D) Adulthood
E) Age of responsibility

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The term "_______" refers to the view of oneself as an individual and a member of society.

A) vision
B) identity
C) mental picture
D) revelation
E) developmental niche

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the common psychological label for the period from birth to approximately two years of age when the individual acquires initial motor, cognitive, and social skills?

A) Infancy
B) Adolescence
C) Immaturity
D) Formative years
E) "Terrible Twos"

Question 5

The term "________" refers to the period of physical wearing and decline.

A) maturity
B) late adulthood
C) cry off
D) recession
E) depression

Question 6

The term "________" refers to the rituals that recognize an individual's movement from one status to another.

A) means of access
B) check points
C) rites of passage
D) pledges
E) written tests

Question 7

What is the name of the process by which an individual becomes a member of a particular culture and takes on its values, beliefs, and behaviors?

A) Social justice
B) Social access
C) Indoctrination
D) Reincarnation
E) Socialization

Question 8

Parents expect their children to acquire particular skills (such as walking, talking, etc.) by certain ages. This set of expectations is called the:

A) developmental niche
B) expectation of life
C) value schedule
D) planned conformity
E) developmental time-table

Question 9

What is the name of the theoretical view that suggests that adults acquire attitudes and behaviors early in life and tend not to change them later?

A) The Openness Model
B) The Persistence Model
C) Human Development
D) Socialization
E) Stubbornness

Question 10

________ refers to the changes in physical, physiological and social behavior as experienced by individuals across the life span from conception to death.

A) Socialization
B) Maturation
C) Human development
D) Identity
E) Adulthood

Question 11

More than 3,300 adolescents from 12 countries responded to the question about how many children they would love to have in the future. In most countries, on average, adolescents preferred:

A) to have one child
B) to have between three and four children
C) to have between one and two children
D) to have between two and three children
E) not to have children at all

Question 12

According to psychologist Lev Vygotsky, what kind of children's interaction is most likely to advance their intellectual development?

A) Interaction with the media, especially television
B) Guided interaction with a more knowledgeable partner
C) Interaction with the child's peers
D) Any interaction in stressful situations
E) None, because the child's intellectual development is determined by biological factors

Question 13

Piaget proposed several stages of development that appear to be _______________.

A) inconsistent across cultures
B) common only in children from Western cultures
C) common only among middle-class children
D) universal across cultures
E) impossible to measure across cultures

Question 14

Erikson's theory of development has been criticized by psychologists for mixing objective descriptions with _______________.

A) statistical formulas
B) complicated stories about extraordinary cases
C) subjective prescriptions
D) journalist reports
E) poetry

Question 15

Erikson's theory of socialization is better applied to societies that practice a certain type of socialization emphasizing independence and free self-expression. What is the name of this type?

A) Broad
B) Narrow
C) Reversed
D) Absent, not present
E) Government-controlled

Question 16

According to the World Health Organization, more than 20 million unsafe abortions take place every year, mostly in _______________.

A) Asian countries
B) European countries
C) developed countries
D) Latin America
E) developing countries

Question 17

The lowest mortality rate these days is found in:

A) China
B) Iceland
C) United States
D) India
E) Sierra Leone

Question 18

Qualitative research in New Zealand with Samoan men shows that the overt expression of emotion or feelings toward children was generally regarded as improper because, as fathers tended to believe, _______________.

A) their children should not be taught any emotions
B) children are not capable of learning at that age
C) they as parents, have little knowledge about how to teach the young
D) their children have to learn the value of humility first
E) children have already learned emotions during infancy

Question 19

Societal expectations affect the way people interpret intelligence. For example, in Western cultures, fluid intelligence is particularly valued. Which of the following most accurately characterizes fluid intelligence?

A) Wisdom: knowledge and experience accumulated by the individual
B) Ability to count money and perform other financial operations
C) Intuition: ability to predict or knowing without the use of rational processes
D) Ability to form concepts, think abstractly, and apply knowledge to new situations
E) Capacity to memorize large chunks of information

Question 20

Adults acquire attitudes and learn behaviors early in life and tend not to change them later. Which psychological model introduces this view?

A) persistence
B) recency
C) power
D) openness
E) obedience

Question 21

Studies show that collectivism is positively correlated with what style of parenting?

A) Democratic style
B) Inconsistent style
C) Abusive, violent style
D) Equality-oriented
E) Authoritarian style

Question 22

Jean Piaget's comparative studies have been criticized because of some controversy related to the age of his subjects. What specifically did this criticism refer to?

A) There were too many children older than 15.
B) There were too many children younger than three.
C) Accurate birth dates were not always available.
D) Children between five and seven were selected from elite schools; others were not studied.
E) Experimenters were often younger than the studied children.

Question 23

One of criticisms of the Kohlberg's theory of moral development is that the developmental stages are too closely linked with Western values. Which two values were specifically mentioned?

A) Liberalism and individualism
B) Liberalism and conservatism
C) Achievement motivation and competitiveness
D) Low power distance and high uncertainty avoidance
E) Masculinity and conservatism

Question 24

Right handedness in children appears to be ____________.

A) genetic but prevalent in Western cultures
B) genetic but less common in Western cultures compared to others
C) a learned habit based on teachers' attitudes
D) prevalent in all cultures and genetic
E) a learned habit based on family practices at dinner table

Question 25

Critics of Piaget's theory maintain that he provoked a temptation to interpret some developmental stages as more valuable than others. Which stage might appear as most valuable?

A) Sensorimotor stage
B) Pre-conventional stage
C) Formal operational stage
D) Conventional stage
E) Self-actualization

Question 26

Studies show that the average age for conducting the prize-winning research for all disciplines was around ____________.

A) 38 years
B) 48 years
C) 58 years
D) 68 years
E) 78 years

Question 27

A study found that more than 50 percent of Southeast Asian parents reported having used physical punishment of their children at some point.

Question 28

An early fundamental comparative study called The Six Cultures Study of Socialization began in 1954 and involved investigators from three universities.

Question 29

Cross-culturally, girls mature as much as two years later than boys.

Question 30

Psychologists recognize that, across cultures, the socialization process stops at the age of 25.

Question 31

Western concepts of child-rearing condemn most forms of adult-child coercion.

Question 32

Levy's (1996) research on parental expectations revealed that, in societies that are small, egalitarian, and with little occupational specialization, children are expected to learn "on their own."

Question 33

Studies of immigrants to the United States show that identity concerns only occupy people's minds during adolescence (as Erikson predicted) and not later in life.

Question 34

Studies show that an anticipated in Western cultures tendency of increased conflict and decreased closeness between parents and their children, is universal across cultures.

Question 35

In a cross-cultural context, Jean Piaget's theory accurately explains how children deal with conservation of volume, weight, and amount.

Question 36

A major criticism of Kohlberg's studies of moral development is based on the fact that the stories used in the experiments primarily related to American subjects.

Question 37

The Hindu religious tradition emphasizes a distinct separation between developmental stages (such as infancy, early childhood, and middle childhood).

Question 38

Cross-culturally, when a couple expects a child, boys are desired more often than girls.

Question 39

Consistent with attachment theories, findings of a comparative US-Japanese study indicated that the clear majority of mothers in both countries perceive children with desirable characteristics as "secure" and children with undesirable characteristics as "insecure."

Question 40

Right-handedness does not appear prevalent in all cultures.

Question 41

Fertility rates decline globally in the 21^st century.

Question 42

Across cultures, a child's early temperament is primarily a function of ______________.

Question 43

What major factors contribute to the quality of life?

Question 44

In Hinduism life is represented circularly. Explain what it is.

Question 45

Name one life stage that is not necessarily recognized in all countries (but recognized in relatively wealthy countries or regions).

Question 46

According to Erikson's theory, a maturing individual is expected to progress through various stages and each stage is characterized by a particular _______________.

Question 47

A study that examined Kohlberg's theory of moral development in 27 countries concluded that some stages are universal. Which stages?

Question 48

In predominantly individualist cultures, pregnancy is generally viewed as a private development. However, the text mentions a notable exception in the United States and other Western countries. What is it?

Question 49

Three forms of attachment are recognized across cultures. The first two are: "anxious and avoidant" and "anxious and resistant." What is the third?

Question 50

Japanese infants typically have difficulty noticing the difference between which two sounds?

Question 51

The suppression-facilitation hypothesis of human development suggests a general linkage between discouraged behavior and clinical symptoms. What is the linkage?

Question 52

Some psychologists use the term "ladette culture" in studies of British girls. What does this term refer to?

Question 53

Christian Arabs living in Israel are commonly viewed as a "double minority." Why?

Question 54

What are the most common cross-cultural psychological features of adulthood?

Question 55

Erikson's views correspond in many ways with _________________traditions aiming at self-transformation through insight into the nature of self

Question 56

Describe the differences between broad and narrow socialization.

Question 57

What are the cross-cultural limitations of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

Question 58

In Erikson's theory, the stages indicate a sequence that cannot always be paralleled in other countries. Explain why and provide examples.

Question 59

What are the cross-cultural limitations of Piaget's theory?

Question 60

What are the cross-cultural limitations of Kohlberg's theory?

Question 61

Why do psychologists believe that adolescence is a relatively recent cultural phenomenon?

Question 62

The concept frozen culture describes the lives and experiences of many adult immigrants within their new homelands. What does this term mean?

Question 63

Compare adolescence as a life stage in traditional and non-traditional cultural settings.

Question 64

Compare late adulthood as a life stage in traditional and non-traditional cultural settings.

Question 65

Discuss why there is a significant difference in some countries between the number of newborn girls and newborn boys.

Question 66

The term ________ refers to the rituals that recognize an individual's movement from one status to another.

A) means of access
B) check points
C) rites of passage
D) pledges
E) written tests

Question 67

Critics of Piaget's theory maintain that he provoked a temptation to interpret some developmental stages as more valuable than others. Which stage might appear as most valuable?

A) Sensorimotor stage
B) Pre-conventional stage
C) Formal operational stage
D) Conventional stage
E) Self-actualization

Question 68

Erikson's theory of development has been criticized by psychologists for mixing objective descriptions with _______________.

A) statistical formulas
B) complicated stories about extraordinary cases
C) subjective prescriptions
D) journalist reports
E) poetry

Question 69

Societal expectations affect the way people interpret intelligence. For example, in Western cultures, fluid intelligence is particularly valued. Which of the following most accurately characterizes fluid intelligence?

A) Wisdom: knowledge and experience accumulated by the individual
B) Ability to count money and perform other financial operations
C) Intuition: ability to predict or knowing without the use of rational processes
D) Ability to form concepts, think abstractly, and apply knowledge to new situations
E) Capacity to memorize large chunks of information

Question 70

More than 3,300 adolescents from 12 countries responded to the question about how many children they would love to have in the future. In most countries, on average, adolescents preferred:

A) to have one child
B) to have between three and four children
C) to have between one and two children
D) to have between two and three children
E) not to have children at all

Question 71

The term "narrow socialization" refers to practices emphasizing independence and free self-expression.

Question 72

In a cross-cultural context, Jean Piaget's theory accurately explains how children deal with conservation of volume, weight, and amount.

Question 73

A major criticism of Kohlberg's studies of moral development is based on the fact that the stories used in the experiments primarily related to American subjects.

Question 74

Christian Arabs living in Israel are commonly viewed as a "double minority." Why?