Deck 11: Personality and the Self

Question 1

Placing males or the masculine point of view at the center of a theory or narrative is usually labeled:

A) feminism with male features
B) power distance
C) androcentrism
D) classic masculinity
E) gender identity

Answer 1

C

Question 2

________________ is a combination, coexistence, or blend of both male and female behavioral characteristics and features.

A) feminism
B) androcentrism
C) the self
D) uncertainly avoidance
E) androgyny

Answer 2

E

Question 3

_________________ is the term that stands for a person who tends to be engaged in activities that are naturally rewarding and not necessarily associated with material goals such as money, fame, or high social status.

A) Happy personality
B) Autotelic personality
C) Outgoing personality
D) Samaritan personality
E) Extraverted personality

Answer 3

B

Question 4

What is the term for detaching an individual's self from the ethnic group with which he or she has been previously associated or is associated now?

A) ethnic loyalty
B) ethnic disloyalty
C) ethnic disidentification
D) ethnic identity
E) ethnic profiling

Question 5

This term is traditionally assigned to women, indicting a general set of features correlated with beauty, emotionality, and nurturing:

A) beauty
B) sacrifice
C) androgyny
D) femininity
E) caretaking

Question 6

The view that women do not have equal rights and opportunities in comparison with men, and that global changes are needed to achieve social justice, is called:

A) power distance
B) uncertainty avoidance
C) Darwinism
D) collectivism
E) feminism

Question 7

A complex set of behavioral, cultural, or psychological features associated with an individual's sex is called:

A) identity
B) gender
C) self-esteem
D) sexual orientation
E) femininity

Question 8

Gender roles are prescriptions and expectations assigned to individuals on the _____________ continuum.

A) female-male
B) right-wrong
C) accepted-rejected
D) gay-straight
E) gay-bisexual

Question 9

A category that is based on the features that are between distinctly male and female characteristics is called:

A) gender
B) feminism
C) intersex
D) heterosexual orientation
E) middle-of-the-road

Question 10

The extent to which individuals believe they can control and affect events is called:

A) willpower
B) locus of control
C) event management
D) control event management
E) prejudice

Question 11

Masculinity, which is traditionally assigned to men, is a general set of features associated with:

A) physical strength, decisiveness, and assertiveness
B) aggression, greed, and passion
C) openness to experience, compassion, and religiosity
D) power, wealth, and health
E) sense of humor, wit, and greed

Question 12

According to the text, a general assumption about men's physical and biological superiority over women is labeled:

A) Boys Know Better
B) Natural Selection
C) Feminism
D) Power Distance
E) Natural Dominance of Men

Question 13

Periodic and profound episodes of happiness, optimism, inner harmony, and creativity are defined as:

A) birthdays
B) "happy days"
C) peak experiences
D) positive emotions
E) delusions

Question 14

A person's general subjective evaluation, both emotional and rational, of his or her own worth, is called:

A) locus of control
B) self-esteem
C) uncertainty avoidance
D) "a personal price to pay"
E) the self

Question 15

The term transgender refers to roles that do not fit into the traditionally assigned __________.

A) social status
B) obedience to authority
C) uncertainty avoidance
D) masculinity
E) gender dichotomy

Question 16

Perceived predominant behavioral and psychological features and traits common in most people of a nation are labeled _______________.

A) psychological profile
B) general personality trait
C) national character
D) specific personality trait
E) social profile

Question 17

A generalized belief that the control of one's reinforcements rests either on controllable internal factors or on uncontrollable external factors is called:

A) power
B) locus of control
C) cognitive dissonance
D) dogmatism
E) value

Question 18

Hazel Markus, a Stanford University professor, conducted a study in which her research team recruited two groups of people from the waiting areas at the San Francisco airport. These groups were:

A) from the United States and India
B) from North Korea and South Korea
C) from Russia and China
D) from South Africa and Canada
E) from East Asia and from the United States

Question 19

When the Pew Research Center in Washington, D.C., asked Americans to evaluate the statement, "Success in life is pretty much determined by forces outside our control," _____ percent disagreed.

A) 57
B) 47
C) 37
D) 27
E) 17

Question 20

The teachings on the Four Noble Truths are central to the ________________tradition.

A) Christian - Catholic
B) Islamic
C) Buddhist
D) Jewish
E) Christian - Protestant

Question 21

Studies conducted over the years have established_______ self-esteem scores in East Asian countries compared to North America and Europe.

A) lower
B) higher
C) similar
D) very unstable
E) highly inaccurate

Question 22

Which study discussed in the text suggests that the linguistic and behavioral emphasis in a country on kenson (modesty) and enryo (reserve or restraint) lack analogous terms in Western culture.

A) China
B) Japan
C) Vietnam
D) Paraguay
E) South Africa

Question 23

In India, there still exists a large category of people known for centuries as the Hijra, or the:

A) second gender
B) second class
C) third level
D) third gender
E) fourth class

Question 24

Modern genetics have established that females have two of the same kind of sex chromosomes (marked XX), while males have two distinct sex chromosomes marked:

A) XYZ
B) YY
C) BB
D) AA
E) XY

Question 25

Women globally, on average, live about _____ years longer than men.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 7
E) 9

Question 26

About one in every _____ Americans identify as transgender.

A) 100
B) 200
C) 350
D) 450
E) 1,200

Question 27

Currently, about _____ percent of the world's heads of government are men.

A) 90
B) 80
C) 75
D) 70
E) 65

Question 28

An individual's religious identity involves: believing, bonding, acting, and:

A) fasting
B) praying
C) forgiving
D) fighting
E) belonging

Question 29

Researchers have found Facebook users share posts reflecting a focus on their own "selves"-selfies, for example. Renren users in China posts, in contrast, tend to focus on "us" as opposed to the American focus on "me."

Question 30

Research shows, with some exceptions, that individuals from Western countries are more likely to display a strong internal locus of control than individuals from non-Western countries.

Question 31

Autotelic personalities value the result of their performance more than the performance itself.

Question 32

As an American, you are more likely than other people in the world to be a volunteer.

Question 33

On online dating sites, people routinely portray themselves as taller, more athletic, and thinner than they actually are.

Question 34

In the United States, the average male is around 5'3" and the average female is around 5'4".

Question 35

Studies show that once it has been established, a gender identity, for most of us, tends to remain stable.

Question 36

Cross-cultural research obtained on samples from more than 25 countries reveals that gender differences are small compared to individual variation within both male and female groups.

Question 37

Most psychologists until the middle of the twentieth century maintained a generally positive view of homosexuality and bisexuality.

Question 38

One of the most comprehensive international studies across 49 countries comparing various personality traits showed that______________________________________.

Question 39

Studies show that, compared with Asians, the British and Germans tend to be __________in attention, more oriented toward personal happiness, and ____________in their relationships.

Question 40

One of the most comprehensive international studies across 49 countries comparing various personality traits showed that national character stereotypes:

Question 41

Sex is not strictly a dichotomous but rather a _____________variable.

Question 42

Feminism is the view that women do not have equal rights and opportunities with men and that: ________________

Question 43

In terms of higher education, women outnumber men as university students in every region except __________________.

Question 44

What is the highest form of religious bonding? Describe it.

Question 45

What was the reason George Jorgensen, a 25-year-old American artist, photographer, and an Army veteran, went to Denmark?

Question 46

Sobal and Stunkard (1989 ) reviewed several anthropological studies that measured the correlation between an individual's body weight and socioeconomic status. They observed a remarkable tendency. What was it?

Question 47

Although personality is largely a theoretical concept, it is also very important in psychological practice for at least three reasons. Discuss them.

Question 48

Describe the differences between "private" and "public" self.

Question 49

Discuss potential effects of "soft power."

Question 50

Discuss the "national character" concept. Does it have at least some practical validity?

Question 51

Describe the sources of perceptions and stereotypes related to "national characters."

Question 52

Discuss the relationship between a person's internal/external locus of control and the person's overall evaluation of their happiness.

Question 53

Discuss the factors affecting stereotypical perceptions related to national character.

Question 54

The descriptions of the intersex category appear in religious and philosophical traditions dating back many centuries. Give a few examples.

Question 55

Compare and contrast masculinity and femininity as psychological features.

Question 56

Androgyny is a combination, a coexistence, a blend of both ___________behavioral characteristics, features, and reflections.

A) collectivist and individualist
B) Eastern and Western
C) heterosexual and homosexual
D) consistent and inconsistent
E) male and female

Question 57

The teachings on the Four Noble Truths are central to the ________________tradition.

A) Christian (Catholic)
B) Islamic
C) Hindu
D) Buddhist
E) Christian (Protestant)

Question 58

In India, there still exists a large category of people known for centuries as the Hijra, or the:

A) second gender
B) second class
C) third level
D) third gender
E) fourth class

Question 59

An individual's religious identity involves: believing, bonding, acting, and:

A) fasting
B) praying
C) forgiving
D) fighting
E) belonging

Question 60

These days, about _____ percent of the world's heads of government are men.

A) 90
B) 80
C) 75
D) 70
E) 65

Question 61

The Milgram experiment was not conducted in countries outside the United States and researchers had almost no opportunity to prove this study's cross-cultural validity.

Question 62

Studies show that there are no significant national differences in the way people maintain eye contact.

Question 63

On online dating sites, people routinely portray themselves as taller, more athletic, and thinner than they actually are.

Question 64

Although personality is largely a theoretical concept, it is also very important in psychological practice for at least three reasons: ______________________________

Question 65

How do international surveys described in the book portray Americans, for the most part, from the standpoint of their assertiveness, open-mindedness, and antagonistic behavior? _________________________________________________.