Deck 10: Social Perception and Social Cognition

Question 1

What do psychologists call psychological tensions caused by the perceived mismatch between attitudes and behavior?

A) attribution
B) cognitive power
C) frustration
D) stereotype
E) cognitive dissonance

Answer 1

E

Question 2

The tendency to be closed-minded, rigid, and inflexible in one's opinions and subsequent behavior is called "_____________."

A) dogmatism
B) attitude
C) cognitive dissonance
D) egalitarianism
E) skepticism

Answer 2

A

Question 3

_________________ is the process wherein the individual so strongly feels that he or she is a member of a group that he or she adopts its opinions, attitudes, and values.

A) attitude
B) obedience
C) identification
D) membership
E) cognitive dissonance

Answer 3

C

Question 4

"_____________" refers to the tendency to take credit for our successes and avoid responsibility for our failures.

A) Unassuming bias
B) Power to judge
C) Cognitive dissonance
D) Self-centered bias
E) Cognitive style of lying

Question 5

What do psychologists call the process through which we seek to explain and identify the causes of the behavior of others and our own actions?

A) Self-serving bias
B) Unassuming bias
C) Social attribution
D) Locus of control
E) Stereotype

Question 6

Traits or characteristics generally attributed to all members of specific groups are called ____________.

A) unassuming bias
B) cognitive dissonance
C) locus of control
D) cognitive power
E) stereotypes

Question 7

The tendency to explain one's own success as a result of external factors and one's failure as a result of personal mistakes or weaknesses is called _____________.

A) unassuming bias
B) locus of control
C) cognitive dissonance
D) dogmatism
E) value

Question 8

What do psychologists call a complex belief that reflects a principle, standard, or quality considered by the individual as the most desirable or appropriate?

A) Self-serving bias
B) Value
C) Social attribution
D) Locus of control
E) Stereotype

Question 9

__________________ is the process through which we interpret, remember, and then use information about the social world.

A) Social attribution
B) Social cognition
C) Social value
D) Unassuming bias
E) Dogmatism

Question 10

Actions that reward those who follow the norms and reprove those who are deviant are called _________________.

A) roles
B) sanctions
C) groupthink
D) obedience to authority
E) social facilitation

Question 11

What is the psychological term for the tendency of group members to shift, as a result of group discussion, toward more extreme positions than those they initially held?

A) stereotypes
B) disobedience
C) conformity shift
D) group polarization
E) group sanctions

Question 12

The tendency of members of groups to adhere to the shared views so strongly that they ignore information inconsistent with those views is called ______________.

A) leadership
B) group polarization
C) groupthink
D) group inattention
E) sanctions

Question 13

A form of social influence in which one person simply orders one other or others to perform some action(s) is called ____________.

A) groupthink
B) obedience
C) group polarization
D) rude behavior
E) sanctions

Question 14

What do psychologists call the effects upon performance resulting from the presence of others?

A) Group polarization
B) Sanctions
C) Obedience
D) Groupthink
E) Social facilitation

Question 15

The tendency of some group members to exert less effort on a task than they would if working on alone is called _____________.

A) laziness
B) social loafing
C) authoritarian power
D) social facilitation
E) group polarization

Question 16

The degree to which individuals and groups are enmeshed (involved) together is called _____________.

A) embeddedness
B) involvement quotient
C) horizontal collectivism
D) individualism
E) groupthink

Question 17

All forces acting on group members to cause them to remain part of a group, including mutual attraction, interdependence, and shared goals are usually labeled as:

A) cohesiveness
B) cognitive dissonance
C) obedience to authority
D) individualism
E) groupthink

Question 18

What type of values is associated with exercising control over society and exploiting its natural resources?

A) Mastery values
B) Democratic values
C) Liberal values
D) Conservative values
E) Harmony values

Question 19

Individuals who believe in the status quo, advocate self-discipline, and care about social order and tradition share what type of values?

A) Democratic
B) Liberal
C) Conservative
D) Socialist
E) Reactionary

Question 20

In the debate about Western and non-Western values, it is argued that, in general, Western values are based on the fundamental beliefs that the nature of human beings is selfish, scarcity is a primary condition of nature and ____________.

A) progress means gradual conquest of weaker groups and territories
B) happiness is impossible to achieve without knowledge
C) happiness is understood as a movement toward a goal
D) progress means growth, complexity, competition, and freedom
E) suffering is unnecessary and people have to learn how to live without fear

Question 21

If a researcher observed that most of the individuals from a given sample displayed an unassuming bias, what does this mean?

A) The people in this group believe their behavior is the result of their own effort, talents, and skills.
B) The people in this group believe their behavior is the result of external factors, such as luck and help from other people.
C) The people in this group refused to talk about their own success, but insisted on talking about own mistakes.
D) The people in this group said that they had no idea about why they were successful.
E) The people in this group did not believe that they were successful at all.

Question 22

Social stereotypes are most likely rooted in____________ because they are more salient and notable.

A) age characteristics
B) educational opportunities
C) weather patterns
D) ethnic and racial attributes
E) quantity and quality of food

Question 23

Which of the following statements can be best associated the frustration-aggression theory of prejudice?

A) Prejudice weakens if people are frustrated about their own safety.
B) Prejudice weakens when people are scared of an external threat.
C) Frustration is not connected to aggression and prejudice is not based on frustration.
D) People commit violent acts and then face criticism
E) Prejudice is a form of displayed aggression caused by frustration.

Question 24

Which of the following statements is not necessarily a reflection of a stereotype?

A) All Italians like pizza and spaghetti.
B) All men are aggressive.
C) All Chinese politicians are corrupt.
D) All U.S. presidents were men.
E) All Koreans are performing artists like their ancestors.

Question 25

Research has shown that bodily symmetry, which is considered a cross-culturally accepted feature of a beautiful body or face, is one of the strongest predictors of _________________.

A) stronger immune systems
B) aggressive behavior in uncertain situations
C) anti-social personality disorder
D) unkind and greedy behavior
E) high achievement motivation

Question 26

According to the old Indian caste system, an individual's social status was primarily ________________.

A) achieved in adolescence
B) ascribed for boys, but achieved for girls
C) achieved in adulthood
D) ascribed
E) achieved in childhood

Question 27

Which of the following is likely to be an example of an ascribed status?

A) After a lengthy interview, Ravi was chosen to be the new manager of the company.
B) After checking with the referees, Ravi learned that he won the championship match
C) After his 18^th birthday, Ravi took a test and received his driver's license.
D) After he was born, Ravi was named the heir (inheritor) to his father's business.
E) After midnight, Ravi became a newly elected member of the Parliament.

Question 28

Replications of the Milgram experiment in different countries _____________.

A) yielded results substantially different from those obtained originally by Milgram
B) failed due to financial problems associated with the cost of these experiments
C) were not done due to the subjects' objections
D) yielded similar results, but only in non-democratic countries
E) yielded generally similar results

Question 29

Milgram's studies revealed that people tend to engage in obedient behavior ______________.

A) in ordinary situations
B) in highly unusual situations
C) only in collectivist cultural groups
D) only in individualist cultural groups
E) in situations of emergency

Question 30

Which of the following accurately characterizes obedient behavior?

A) People tend to obey when they are told that they are not responsible for their actions.
B) People tend to obey less often when they are told that they are not responsible for their obedient actions.
C) People tend to ask questions when they are told that they are legally responsible for their obedient actions.
D) People tend to get angry when they are told that they are not responsible for their obedient actions.
E) People tend to obey more often and out of confusion when they are told that they will be punished for their obedient actions.

Question 31

What is the phenomenon opposite of groupthink?

A) Group emotion
B) Social loafing
C) Authoritarian power
D) Social facilitation
E) Group polarization

Question 32

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that values allow human groups to adjust to their environments. They become embedded in cultures and passed on to new generations.

Question 33

Individuals from Western countries are expected to demonstrate a stronger internal locus of control than individuals from non-Western countries.

Question 34

Experimental research shows that the principle of cognitive balance does not work outside the psychological laboratories of major European and American universities.

Question 35

Across cultures, people with scars on their faces are evaluated as being more attractive, sociable, and honest than people with no scars on their faces.

Question 36

Persistent gambling may be a behavioral pattern typical for individuals with an external locus of control.

Question 37

It is a universal tendency for men to underestimate their own IQ's when asked to make a guess about their own intelligence.

Question 38

Negative emotions tend to make stereotypes more accessible from memory.

Question 39

According to the deprivation theories of prejudice, people develop a prejudice against other groups when those groups are believed to be frightening or possess something they are not entitled to possess.

Question 40

Most myths and fairy tales from all continents show a consistent pattern: "good" characters are those who obtained their success due to their effort and "bad" individuals are those who enrich themselves by harming others or doing nothing.

Question 41

People in the United States and Australia perceived stories about initially rich and subsequently poor individuals as more competent and likeable than individuals initially poor and subsequently rich.

Question 42

The rules of greeting and introducing oneself to other people appear similar across various ethnic groups.

Question 43

Overall, collectivist cultures maintain weaker systems of sanctions and rewards related to group behavior as compared to individualist cultures.

Question 44

Compared to other national groups, Americans score lower on tests and experiments assessing conformity.

Question 45

Anthropologists suggest that territorial behavior is not natural for individuals and social groups.

Question 46

People in individualist cultures are more inclined to belong to a large variety of social groups, but for shorter periods of time.

Question 47

The rules of address appear to be comparable across cultures.

Question 48

Conformity, in general, is more common in individuals from lower socioeconomic standing than individuals from upper-middle class standing.

Question 49

Conformity is a dichotomous variable.

Question 50

Unfortunately, the Milgram experiment was not conducted in countries outside the United States and researchers had no opportunity to see if this study had cross-cultural validity.

Question 51

Studies show that some national differences exist in the way people maintain eye contact.

Question 52

Imagine that a store owner is experiencing an unpleasant state of emotions caused by a mismatch (disparity) between his belief that anger is inappropriate and his angry reaction to the rude behavior of an apparently foreign tourist. What is the psychological term for this state?

Question 53

If a person has a deep-seated belief that all individuals are equals and must share basic interests and receive similar treatment, he/she holds a(n) _____________ value system?

Question 54

Name the two basic views of morality and justice mentioned in the text.

Question 55

A dogmatic person would likely respond to new information in a ___________ manner.

Question 56

Studies suggest that individuals from ___________ countries are more likely to employ an unassuming bias in explanations of success and failure.

Question 57

What kinds of emotional experiences are commonly associated with cognitive dissonance?

Question 58

If a person has a fundamental belief in the legitimacy of an unequal distribution of power, resources, and social roles, they are supporting the notion of a(n)________.

Question 59

International surveys show that Americans, for the most part, are described as___________________.

Question 60

What is cultural embeddedness?

Question 61

What is the relationship between power distance and obedience to authority?

Question 62

What is the unassuming bias? Give examples.

Question 63

Describe the differences between Western and non-Western values. Describe the similarities.

Question 64

Why do individuals from Western countries, as a group, tend to display a somewhat stronger internal locus of control?

Question 65

Describe the distinctions between conservative values and values of autonomy.

Question 66

Provide examples of instances in which conformity would be an effective behavioral response.

Question 67

Compare conformity in collectivist and individualist cultures.

Question 68

Are individuals from Western countries more or less likely to engage in social loafing than individuals from non-Western countries? Why?

Question 69

According to cross-cultural replications of Milgram's studies, how are measures of power distance and rates of obedience related and why?

Question 70

Describe similarities and differences in the rules of address.

Question 71

Explain groupthink. Which cultural factors should affect its manifestations?

Question 72

Explain social loafing. Which cultural factors should affect its manifestations?

Question 73

What do professionals call individual psychological tensions caused by the perceived mismatch between attitudes and behavior?

A) attribution
B) cognitive power
C) frustration
D) stereotype
E) cognitive dissonance

Question 74

In the debate about Western and non-Western values, it is argued that, in general, Western values are based on the fundamental beliefs that the nature of human beings is selfish, scarcity is a primary condition of nature and ____________.

A) progress means gradual conquest of weaker groups and territories
B) happiness is impossible to achieve without knowledge
C) happiness is understood as a movement toward a goal
D) progress means growth, complexity, competition, and freedom
E) suffering is unnecessary and people have to learn how to live without fear

Question 75

If a researcher observed that most of the individuals from a given sample displayed an unassuming bias, what would this mean?

A) The people in this group believe their behavior is the result of their own effort, talents, and skills.
B) The people in this group believe their behavior is the result of external factors, such as luck and help from other people.
C) The people in this group refused to talk about their own success but insisted on talking about their own mistakes.
D) The people in this group said that they had no idea about why they were successful.
E) The people in this group did not believe that they were successful at all.

Question 76

What is the psychological term for the tendency of group members to shift, as a result of group discussion, toward more extreme positions than those they initially held?

A) Social loafing
B) disobedience
C) Conformity shift
D) Group polarization
E) Group sanctions

Question 77

Replications of the Milgram experiment in different countries ________.

A) yielded results substantially different from those obtained by Milgram himself
B) failed due to financial problems
C) were not completed due to the subjects' complaints
D) yielded similar results, but only in non-democratic countries
E) yielded, in general, similar results

Question 78

According to the deprivation theories of prejudice, people develop a prejudice against other groups when those groups are believed to be frightening or possess something they are not entitled to possess.

Question 79

Across cultures, people with scars on their faces are evaluated as being more attractive, sociable, and honest than people with no scars on their faces.

Question 80

It is a universal tendency for men to underestimate their own IQ's when asked to make a guess about their own intelligence.