Deck 3: Applied Anthropology

Question 1

Which of the following features is not associated particularly with anthropology?

A) focus on statistics
B) the holistic perspective
C) regional expertise
D) the emic view
E) topical expertise

Answer 1

focus on statistics

Question 2

All of the following describe applied anthropology except that it:

A) uses rapid ethnographic assessment.
B) helps solve societal problems.
C) is usually collaborative.
D) involves the most intensive participant observation.
E) involves fieldwork of several weeks to several months.

Answer 2

involves the most intensive participant observation.

Question 3

Which of the following specialties did not emerge from the practice of applied anthropology?

A) Environmental anthropology
B) Cultural anthropology
C) Medical anthropology
D) Political anthropology
E) Educational anthropology

Answer 3

Cultural anthropology

Question 4

Which statement about applied anthropology is true?

A) It has always been more prestigious than theoretical anthropology.
B) It is less popular today than it was 20 years ago.
C) It is primarily aimed at testing new theories.
D) It is carried out exclusively in developing countries.
E) It is problem-oriented.

Question 5

Which statement about applied anthropology is false?

A) Applied and pure anthropology are sometimes hard to distinguish.
B) Applied anthropology played an important role in WWII.
C) Applied anthropology is a rapidly growing specialty within the discipline in recent decades.
D) All applied anthropologists play the role of advocate in their fieldsite.
E) Both applied and pure anthropologists use much of the same type of methodology.

Question 6

Applied anthropology includes all of the following except:

A) postmodern anthropology.
B) advocacy anthropology.
C) practical anthropology.
D) development anthropology.
E) action anthropology.

Question 7

Anthropology aimed very purposefully at practical results is referred to as:

A) modernization anthropology.
B) applied anthropology.
C) theoretical anthropology.
D) new age anthropology.
E) globalization anthropology,

Question 8

A specialized role in which an applied anthropologist interprets research findings so that policy makers,planners and administrators can make more culturally sensitive decisions is that of:

A) research analyst.
B) expert witness.
C) impact assessor.
D) trainer.
E) advocate.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the approach of participant observation?

A) It is a focus on participation that allows the anthropologist to be self-reflexive and write the ethnographic research from a first person account.
B) It is a direct experiential approach in which the anthropologist lives with the people under study.
C) Participant observation means that the anthropologist uses numerous key informants to help him or her best understand another culture.
D) This approach was used in the early years of anthropology when researchers had to travel for weeks to arrive in a community.
E) This fieldwork method is the hallmark of anthropology and involves very intensive surveying and use of questionnaires.

Question 10

Why are ethnographic studies of powerful institutions in U.S.society so rarely conducted?

A) They do not need to be studied because they function very well.
B) Influential policy setters are usually unwilling to submit to ethnographic study.
C) Powerful institutions in the U.S. always include applied anthropologists and are continually studied.
D) No one is willing to pay the anthropologist for his or her work.
E) Anthropologists are always interested in other societies and do not routinely work within the U.S.

Question 11

Supporters of applied anthropological research:

A) seldom include either private or international agencies.
B) usually involve private donations.
C) rarely include nonprofit organizations, but often include federal agencies.
D) often include national and international agencies and private organizations.
E) usually include only governments involved in the research.

Question 12

How is applied anthropology today different from that of the 1950s and 1960s?

A) Today more than 90% of all anthropologists work outside of the academic setting.
B) In the past two decades, most applied work has been conducted by professors in academic settings.
C) Applied anthropologists today are more likely to be academics than government agents.
D) More of the new applied anthropologists are full-time employees of government or non-profit agencies.
E) Today applied anthropologists work in both national and international settings.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about applied anthropology is true?

A) Some of the major subfields evolved out of applied anthropology.
B) The second Code of Ethics for the profession of anthropology was established by applied anthropology.
C) Applied anthropology began as a subfield in the late 1950s and focused on developing nations.
D) There is no separate organization (or society) for applied anthropologists.
E) Applied anthropology is less important today than it was in the early days of anthropology.

Question 14

All of the following are products that result from an applied anthropology project except:

A) solid sociocultural information that is useful beyond the project itself.
B) policy recommendations and implications.
C) the development of permanent employment opportunities at the research site.
D) a plan of action designed to correct the problem.
E) research findings that may be useful beyond the time period of the project itself.

Question 15

Which of the following types of cultural anthropology would be considered the least applied in its focus?

A) Basic ethnography
B) Studies of social issues
C) Practicing anthropology
D) Policy studies
E) Applied anthropology

Question 16

Applied anthropology is more _______ than theoretical anthropology.

A) time-consuming
B) focused on theory
C) collaborative
D) prestigious
E) focused on interviewing

Question 17

Applied and pure anthropologists have:

A) for the most part, received the same form of training.
B) a very different methodology from each other.
C) both avoided extreme forms of participant observation.
D) almost never involved the same personnel.
E) not distinguished the types of work that they do.

Question 18

Applied and theoretical anthropology have:

A) always used distinctive methodologies.
B) never had much to contribute to each other.
C) developed alongside each other from the early beginnings of the discipline.
D) always obtained funding from different sources.
E) worked in extremely different field settings.

Question 19

Alexander Ervin suggests that there are five types of cultural anthropology along a continuum.Which of the following is not one of the types of cultural anthropology that he proposed?

A) Studies of social issues
B) Applied anthropology
C) Policy studies
D) Basic ethnography
E) Practicing ethnology

Question 20

How does the emic view of anthropology contribute to its potential as a science to influence policy?

A) The emic view allows a very coherent and accurate scientific understanding of the nature of the problem being studied and the best technical way to solve the problem.
B) By understanding the beliefs and practices of the local people, program planners and administrators have a greater chance of succeeding in implementing change.
C) By understanding how policy works within indigenous societies, applied anthropologists are better able to lead people to change their cultures.
D) The emic view is essential to successful policy because it is the best approach to understanding the interconnectedness of culture and how one part of the system affects another.
E) The emic view allows us to see multiple perspectives at the same time and understand how global interconnectedness will affect the long-term success of a project.

Question 21

All of the following were detrimentally affected by the use of biocides on three Caribbean islands except:

A) drinking water
B) chickens
C) fish
D) wild rice
E) strawberries

Question 22

A specialized role in which an applied anthropologist presents culturally relevant research findings as part of a judicial proceeding is called a(n):

A) advocate.
B) cultural broker.
C) expert witness.
D) policy researcher.
E) needs assessor.

Question 23

The Japanese word aizuchi refers to:

A) a traditional ethnic group living in Japan.
B) the Japanese word for anthropologist.
C) conversational replies that indicate you are listening.
D) the Japanese work ethic.
E) a Shinto shrine.

Question 24

Applied anthropologist Li Jian found various kinds of barriers for rural Chinese to convert to household-based biogas production.Which of the following is not one of the types of barriers?

A) shortage of labor
B) financial
C) sufficient number of cattle
D) lack of general education
E) high cost of repairing the systems when they fail

Question 25

Cultural relativism tends to foster:

A) prejudice.
B) an inability to determine if something is right or wrong.
C) a tremendous rise in appreciation of human rights.
D) greater awareness of the anthropologist's own culture.
E) tolerance.

Question 26

The result of the Nestle Corporation selling instant baby formula to Third World mothers was:

A) infant mortality was greatly reduced.
B) infants developed a much higher rate of diarrhea.
C) infants recovered more quickly from other diseases.
D) infants suffered a lower rate of dehydration.
E) infants were generally healthier with baby formula than they were before drinking it.

Question 27

Applied anthropologist Penny Van Esterik played what role is the Nestle controversy?

A) trainer
B) culture broker
C) planner
D) advocate
E) expert witness

Question 28

The original plans for expanding the airport on the island of Truk:

A) were developed by the local population and submitted to the government for approval.
B) were made without consultation with the local inhabitants.
C) were recognized as an important expansion of local employment opportunities.
D) included building new schools and updated water treatment plants.
E) angered the local population even though there was no significant impact on their livelihood.

Question 29

Parker and King,serving as cultural mediators between the government and the local Trukese villagers:

A) were able to work out an agreement that was satisfactory to all parties involved.
B) helped the government build the airport at more than half the original cost.
C) helped the villagers protect their fishing grounds but were unable to save the cultural and historical landmarks.
D) were unable to get the government to alter their plans for the airport.
E) worked with the government to prepare the local people to accept the changes that were inevitable.

Question 30

Anthropological research provides an important source for understanding culture change and adaptation.Today in the United States:

A) anthropologists are increasingly used in public policy decision-making.
B) there are fewer anthropologists engaged in public policy decision-making.
C) anthropologists are more involved in creating public policy than working in underdeveloped nations.
D) anthropologists no longer value their role within their government.
E) anthropologists tend to work primarily with geologists and geographers.

Question 31

Barker's applied anthropological research on the Marshall Islands is significant for all of the following reasons except:

A) it served as an instructional project to help other applied anthropologists best use scientific date to influence contemporary social problems.
B) it served as research to support compensation claims for those who suffered while living in the Marshall Islands.
C) it served a political model for all citizens in the United States on how best to confront corporations who exploit indigenous peoples.
D) it demonstrated the enormous impact that nuclear testing can have on the environment and local lives.
E) it modeled how applied anthropologists and advocates can help survivors seek their rights.

Question 32

The conclusion of various applied anthropology projects is that ____________ is one of the most significant factors in the success of any type of technological change for local inhabitants.

A) level of education
B) ability to invest large amounts of capital
C) interest in competing with large corporations
D) interest in cultural change
E) ethnic background

Question 33

Richard Dembo's study of crack cocaine in west central Florida found that:

A) teenagers were dealing drugs to support their cocaine addiction.
B) teenage dealers were using most of their income to support their families.
C) teenage dealers were using most of their income for luxury items for themselves.
D) adult dealers were coercing teenagers into selling drugs for commission.
E) adult dealers were using drugs and forcing teenagers to support their families alone.

Question 34

Which statement about nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands is true?

A) Most nuclear testing after WWII was conducted by the Japanese.
B) The U.S. government did not ask permission of the Marshall Islanders before testing.
C) Testing on the Marshall Islands resulted in no adverse effects on the local people.
D) The U.S. government published the results of their nuclear testing as soon as they were available.
E) There was no nuclear testing conducted in the Marshall Islands.

Question 35

Which of the following best identifies biocides?

A) herbicides used by large corporations as a way of maximizing production
B) a rather large variety of insecticides produced in Third World societies
C) pesticides made of organic materials which are less harmful on the environment
D) a type of agrochemical only used on banana plants
E) types of agrochemicals used to protect plants against insects, fungi, and weeds

Question 36

In one of the cross-cultural miscues in your textbook,the American exchange student to Argentina should not have given her host family a set of steak knives because:

A) Argentines are forbidden to accept presents of any kind.
B) knives are considered hostile weapons, and Argentina is a pacifist country.
C) Argentines do not use knives.
D) knives in Argentina are considered gifts for ending a relationship, not for starting one.
E) food implements are inappropriate gifts between strangers.

Question 37

In her role as an applied anthropologist confronting the Nestle Corporation marketing baby formula in third world countries,Van Esterik engaged in all of the following except:

A) organizing national protests against the company.
B) working as an advocate of mothers against Nestle formula.
C) debating against Nestle spokespersons about the merits of instant baby formula in third world countries.
D) heading up a large-scale research project on the effects of instant baby formula in Colombia, Kenya, Indonesia, and Thailand.
E) using her personal research data in Thailand in public debates.

Question 38

A specialized role in which an applied anthropologist conducts a fairly specialized type of research designed to determine whether a proposed program or project is needed is that of:

A) advocate.
B) needs assessor.
C) impact assessor.
D) expert witness.
E) cultural broker.

Question 39

Understanding of the multiple variables involved in human problems is fostered primarily by which special feature of anthropology?

A) the holistic perspective
B) the emic approach
C) ethnocentrism
D) area expertise
E) topical expertise

Question 40

In order to protect consumers,the World Health Organization and UNICEF developed the Code for the Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes in 1981.Which of the following countries did not sign this document as supporter?

A) Australia
B) Canada
C) France
D) United States
E) Switzerland

Question 41

Which of the following was the subject of Penny Van Esterik's applied research?

A) airport expansion on Truk Island
B) crack cocaine use in Florida
C) Nestle baby formula controversy
D) humiliation and shame in Abu Ghraib prison
E) nuclear testing on the Marshall Islands

Question 42

Policy researcher,needs assessor,and advocate are all:

A) specialized features of applied anthropology.
B) specialized roles for applied anthropologists.
C) professions that depend on anthropologists.
D) fields of research that focus exclusively on culture and culture change.
E) areas of government employment for anthropologists.

Question 43

Which of the following statements about applied anthropological projects is true?

A) These projects are always an important way to introduce cultural change.
B) Anthropological projects are important because the information we learn from one area of the world is applicable to other areas as well.
C) Applied anthropology has found the responsible way to improve people's lives.
D) Applied anthropological projects should be carefully sensitive of and adapted to particular cultures and contexts.
E) No applied project can generate information useful in another culture.

Question 44

The study of the socioeconomic barriers to biogas in China is within which specialized approach in cultural anthropology?

A) Environmental anthropology
B) Development anthropology
C) Medical anthropology
D) Urban anthropology
E) Postmodern anthropology

Question 45

Training in cultural relativism is a vital part of each subfield in the discipline of anthropology.

Question 46

A cultural broker serves as an active supporter of a particular group of people.

Question 47

A student who has completed a Bachelor's degree in Anthropology is best prepared to:

A) work as a theoretical anthropologist.
B) work as an applied anthropologist.
C) serve as an apprentice with other anthropologists in order to train for fieldwork.
D) work as a school teacher in other countries.
E) provide valuable skills and insights in a variety of employments.

Question 48

Unlike cultural anthropologists,archaeologists and physical anthropologists do not do applied research.

Question 49

How can we best use anthropological knowledge about culture?

A) We must place anthropologists in decision-making roles where they can choose whether or not to implement culture change.
B) We must ensure that what we know is fully understood within its original cultural context and is not a fact removed from its related effects.
C) Anthropological knowledge must not be used outside of the culture in which it is generated.
D) We must encourage anthropologists to apprentice with their professors for a much longer period of time so that they are prepared for fieldwork.
E) Anthropological knowledge should remain in a textbook, and anthropologists should not be involved in culture change.

Question 50

Problems emerge when central governments institute programs of planned change because:

A) governments and local populations have different value and interests.
B) local populations seldom recognize when projects are in their best interests.
C) most governments are hostile to local populations.
D) governments must take action to protect the majority of citizens and not just local populations.
E) local populations are selfish and will not naturally defer to any other governing organization.

Question 51

Academic (pure,theoretical)anthropology became less popular during the 1950s after WWII.

Question 52

Applied anthropologists played an important policy role in WWII.

Question 53

Since the 1990s applied anthropology has been in decline.

Question 54

Through participant observation,anthropologists are best able to understand the daily lives of the people they study.

Question 55

The ethnographic study of adolescent drug dealers is best considered a part of which specialty of cultural anthropology?

A) Political anthropology
B) Medical anthropology
C) Urban anthropology
D) Environmental anthropology
E) Educational anthropology

Question 56

How would you best describe the major consequence of Cathy Small's research with students in her own university?

A) She better understood why her students were lazy.
B) Students felt more accepted and were able to finish their degrees more quickly.
C) This research helped the university make changes within sororities and fraternities on campus.
D) She became more popular as a professor and was able to use students as part of her ongoing research concerns.
E) She was able to make her own classes more relevant for her students.

Question 57

The line between pure and applied anthropology is not clear because both groups receive similar training and use similar methods.

Question 58

Studies of social issues are considered less applied than policy studies,according to the continuum suggested by Alexander Ervin.

Question 59

Only pure anthropology is based on problem-oriented research.

Question 60

What terminal academic degree is usually needed in order to work as a professional anthropologist?

A) Bachelor of Arts (B.A.)
B) Bachelor of Science (B.S.)
C) Master's of Arts (M.A.)
D) Master's of Science (M.S.)
E) Doctorate in Philosophy (Ph.D.)

Question 61

The U.S.government is responsible for the nuclear testing that occurred in the 1970s on the island of Truk.

Question 62

The anthropologist as trainer adopts what is essentially a teaching role on a project.

Question 63

Name the six special features of anthropology that contribute to its potential as a policy science.

Question 64

Applied anthropologists work on many varied types of projects,but they should not engage in any kind of work with populations conducting illegal activities.

Question 65

Anthropologists usually only need a Master's degree in order to work as a professional in their field.

Question 66

Before applying anthropological knowledge to the solution of social problems,anthropologists must be certain that the data is both accurate and complete.

Question 67

What is participant observation?

Question 68

Penny Van Esterik found that the nuclear testing on the Marshall Islands had caused significant health damage to the local population.

Question 69

What two primary trends have contributed to the movement of applied anthropology out of the academic setting?

Question 70

Why is applied anthropology associated with problem-oriented research?

Question 71

Why did the villagers on Truk oppose the expansion of an airport?

Question 72

Compare applied and pure anthropology.List at least three characteristics that they share.

Question 73

There are more anthropologists working today to influence public policy decisions that there were 50 years ago.

Question 74

Anthropologists can work in a variety of careers.

Question 75

In China,biogas is a clean-energy alternative.

Question 76

The disastrous events at Abu Ghraib prison were caused by anthropologists.

Question 77

Name the five types of cultural anthropology proposed by Alexander Ervin as a continuum from pure to applied anthropology.Make sure that they are named in order.

Question 78

Identify three organizations that support applied anthropological research.

Question 79

What is the process that is involved in becoming a professional practicing anthropologist?

Question 80

Discuss the importance of the biogas initiative in China.What barriers did Li Jian find to the adoption of this energy substitute in rural China?