Deck 9: Marriage and the Family

Question 1

Incest avoidance can have positive social advantages by forcing people to marry outside of their immediate family,thereby:

A) developing a stronger set of relationships within their own family than a wider network of interfamily alliances.
B) creating relationships with people with whom they are likely to cooperate.
C) creating relationships with more people with whom they are likely to become hostile.
D) creating a smaller gene pool.
E) increasing the incidence of recessive traits.

Answer 1

creating relationships with people with whom they are likely to cooperate.

Question 2

A nuclear family includes all of the following except:

A) mother.
B) uncle.
C) father.
D) sister.
E) brother.

Answer 2

uncle.

Question 3

According to the family disruption theory,mating within the nuclear family would do all of the following except:

A) disrupt the family's function as a unit of economic cooperation.
B) disrupt the family's function as a unit of socialization.
C) create role ambiguity.
D) create competition between families.
E) create intense jealousies within the nuclear family.

Answer 3

create competition between families.

Question 4

In this chapter's "Contemporary Issues," arranged marriages by an Iraqi father for his daughters (ages 13 and 14)resulted in:

A) the father being convicted of child abuse.
B) the father and the daughter being deported from the United States.
C) the husbands of the two daughters being convicted of statutory rape.
D) the women being flogged in public.
E) the fathers of the bride and groom being reprimanded publicly.

Question 5

A marriage rule that requires a woman to marry within her ethnic group and religion is a rule of:

A) dowry.
B) bridewealth.
C) exogamy.
D) endogamy.
E) polygyny.

Question 6

In Western societies,mate selection is largely a decision made:

A) by the bride and groom's extended families.
B) with attention to the financial stability of the two partners.
C) jointly by the prospective bride and groom.
D) by the family of the bride.
E) by the groom's mother's family.

Question 7

According to an official statement of the American Anthropological Association,

A) same sex marriages are threatening to viable social order.
B) same sex marriages are immoral and should be avoided at all costs.
C) families built on same sex marriages can contribute to stable and humane societies.
D) same sex marriage are far more common in the world's cultures than heterosexual ones.
E) same sex marriages should be encouraged.

Question 8

A number of explanations have been given for the universal nature of the incest taboo in all cultures,including all of the following except:

A) natural aversion theory.
B) nuclear family exclusion theory.
C) family disruption theory.
D) inbreeding theory.
E) theory of expanding social alliances.

Question 9

The incest taboo:

A) universally prohibits first cousins from marrying.
B) prohibits sexual relations with anyone on the father's side of the family.
C) prohibits sexual relations with certain categories of kin.
D) universally prohibits marriage between clan members.
E) prohibits marriage between parent and child only.

Question 10

The theory that there is a natural aversion to sexual intercourse among those who have grown up together:

A) may explain why sexual attraction is rare between members of the same kibbutz in Israel.
B) explains why cultures need such a strong incest taboo.
C) does not explain why incidents of incest occur in nuclear families.
D) has some evidence supporting that such an aversion may be developed.
E) may explain why marriages of familiarity seem to have more infidelity and sexual difficulties.

Question 11

The prohibition against sexual relations with certain categories of kin is called:

A) monogamy.
B) the incest taboo.
C) cross-cousin marriage.
D) parallel cousin marriage.
E) endogamy.

Question 12

Castes in India provide a good example of:

A) caste endogamy.
B) caste exogamy.
C) free selection of spouses.
D) polyandry.
E) polygamy.

Question 13

Cross cousins are defined as the children of:

A) your second cousins.
B) your mother's brother or father's sister.
C) your father's brother or mother's sister.
D) your parents' cousins.
E) your grandparents' siblings.

Question 14

Marrying outside a group is:

A) polygamy.
B) monogamy.
C) exogamy.
D) endogamy.
E) alliance.

Question 15

The Nayar of southern India:

A) have no marital institutions at all.
B) live together as husband and wife only for the first several years of marriage.
C) have no children unless they marry a member of another group.
D) neither cohabit nor economically cooperate as married couples.
E) visit each other, but the woman lives in her own independent household alone.

Question 16

Arranged marriages are found most often in what type of society?

A) democratic societies
B) very wealthy societies
C) societies that are primarily agricultural
D) societies in which there is elaborate social hierarchy
E) societies that are primarily industrial

Question 17

The textbook defines marriage as a socially-approved union between two adults that has all of the following characteristics except:

A) sexual rights and obligations between them.
B) the explicit establishment of a contract.
C) the assumption that it is not permanent.
D) economic rights and obligations.
E) A marriage union has all of these characteristics.

Question 18

In India today:

A) arranged marriage continues and has become even more widespread than in traditional agrarian India in the 18th century.
B) arranged marriage has come to an end and is no longer practiced. Young people today have very Western notions of attraction and mate selection.
C) although arranged marriages continue in very traditional families, most young people chose their own partner and elope, electing to not participate in such elaborate ceremonies and tradition.
D) arranged marriage continues within castes that have low education and economic rates. These young people continue to have a hard time finding a marriage partner.
E) arranged marriage continues, but in an altered form. Now, young people are actively searching for their partners on internet marriage websites.

Question 19

Which of the following is not a function of the family?

A) provides for the material, educational, and emotional needs of children
B) regulates the sexual division of labor
C) regulates sexual mating and reproduction
D) characterized by economic cooperation
E) creates profit with low-cost overhead for long-term reinvestment

Question 20

Your textbook defines marriage as a normally permanent arrangement but recognizes that:

A) the permanence of marriage may vary from society to society.
B) small-scale societies have higher divorce rates than industrialized societies.
C) in all non-industrialized societies, marriages last until death.
D) only in very small-scale societies do marriages last until death.
E) divorce only happens in industrialized nations.

Question 21

The sororate is a marriage custom in which:

A) a widow is expected to marry the brother or another close relative of her dead husband.
B) a widower is expected to marry the sister or another close relative of his dead wife.
C) a man marries his stepsister.
D) a man takes his brother's widow as a wife.
E) a woman takes her dead husband's cousin.

Question 22

Men in most polygynous societies never actually obtain multiple wives for all of the following reasons except:

A) managing a polygynous household is hard work.
B) marriage in many polygynous societies requires the approval of kinsmen.
C) marriage in polygynous societies is always managed by the wife's father and the husband has no choice.
D) some men in polygynous societies are not of sufficient rank to seek multiple wives.
E) some men in polygynous societies do not the appropriate social skills to have multiple wives.

Question 23

Competition among co-wives in a polygynous household is reduced when all of the following occur except:

A) sororal polygyny is practiced.
B) wives are allowed to participate in the choice of spouse.
C) they are given separate living quarters.
D) the husband does not get involved in the affairs of his wives.
E) a social hierarchy is established between the wives.

Question 24

Polyandry:

A) is one of the most common forms of marriage in the world today.
B) allows a society to avoid the division of small plots of land among sons.
C) leads to competition and especially sexual jealousy among husbands.
D) is practiced widely in Africa and South America.
E) leads to significantly higher birth rates in families.

Question 25

Which of the following is false?

A) The monetization of bridewealth has increasingly created the view of marriage as a financial transaction.
B) The monetization of bridewealth has reduced the significance of marriage as an alliance between kin groups.
C) The monetization of bridewealth has been associated with the postponing of marriage until a later age.
D) The monetization of bridewealth has broken down the close interdependence between family members.
E) The monetization of bridewealth has led to greater freedom of choice on the part of the future spouses involved.

Question 26

Which of the following forms of cousin marriage is the most common?

A) nuclear cousin
B) preferential cousin
C) sororal levirate
D) parallel cousin
E) cross cousin

Question 27

The marriage of several brothers to one woman:

A) sometimes occurs in Tibet.
B) is called primogeniture.
C) is necessary in pastoral societies.
D) occurs only in hunting and gathering societies.
E) creates an extreme sense of role ambiguity among children.

Question 28

The levirate is a marriage custom in which:

A) a widow marries the brother or another close relative of her dead husband.
B) a widower marries the sister or another close relative of his dead wife.
C) a person marries a cross-cousin.
D) a person marries a parallel cousin.
E) the groom must marry his sister.

Question 29

Which statement about bridewealth is false?

A) It tends to destabilize marriage.
B) It symbolizes the union of two kin groups.
C) It represents compensation to the wife's family.
D) It legalizes marriages and legitimizes children.
E) Bridewealth payments vary among cultures.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about polygyny in the United States is correct?

A) Polygyny is legal in several states.
B) Polygyny is technically legal in all 50 states.
C) Although polygyny is practiced in certain areas of the U.S., it is legal only in Utah.
D) Although polygyny is practiced in certain areas of the U.S., it is not legal.
E) Polygyny is illegal in the U.S. and is prosecuted aggressively in Utah.

Question 31

Polyandry is:

A) a man having more than one wife at a time.
B) a woman having more than one husband at a time.
C) both marriage partners having multiple spouses.
D) a same sex marriage between two men.
E) an arranged marriage in which families are in different social castes (or classes).

Question 32

Bride service is practiced:

A) only in societies with high levels of material wealth.
B) often in agricultural societies.
C) to compensate the bride's family in a society where material goods are not accumulated.
D) to compensate the groom's family for the cost of bearing a wife and children.
E) to allow the groom's family to invest and create resources so that the newly married couple can start a family.

Question 33

Which statement about polygyny in Africa is false?

A) Polygyny is very rarely practiced today.
B) Some traditional women support it.
C) Men generally view polygyny more positively than women do.
D) Opposition to polygyny today comes from younger, well-educated women.
E) Many traditional African men today are under pressure by Christian churches to give up polygyny.

Question 34

Bridewealth:

A) is the price a man pays for a wife in a commercial exchange.
B) increases the likelihood of a marriage ending in divorce.
C) tends to create bad relations between the families of the bride and groom.
D) legitimizes marriages and transfers rights over children to the father's family.
E) creates a network of strong alliances between the kinsmen of the bride's family.

Question 35

Which statement about romantic love is true?

A) It only exists in Western countries.
B) It only exists in affluent (wealthy) countries.
C) People in many non-Westerns countries do not base marriage on romantic love.
D) All cultures practice some form of romantic love in arranging a marriage.
E) Anthropologists have not traditionally been able to define "love."

Question 36

What is the most common form of marriage in the United States?

A) monogamy
B) serial monogamy
C) exclusive monogamy
D) polyandry
E) polygyny

Question 37

In the majority of cultures of the world,polygyny is:

A) the preferred form of marriage.
B) practiced by the majority of wealthy men in the world.
C) less common than polyandry.
D) considered by anthropologists to be less moral than monogamy.
E) a form of marriage in which the man exerts his domination over the women.

Question 38

Which of the following is not a cause of the rapidly rising divorce rate in the U.S.today?

A) Industrialization and urbanization have undermined traditional family functions.
B) Americans are less moral today because of the pressures of globalization.
C) The rise of individualism has caused people to be less willing to make sacrifice for family members.
D) Laws have made it easier to get a divorce.
E) Economic ties holding a family together have weakened.

Question 39

All of the following are reasons that societies practice the levirate except:

A) it is a form of social security for the widow.
B) it is a form of social security for the children of the marriage.
C) it preserves the rights of the deceased husband's family to his children.
D) it preserves the rights of the deceased husband's family to the widow's future children.
E) it is associated with societies that place the highest value on female heirs.

Question 40

Which practice is found among the Ju/'hoansi of southwestern Africa?

A) bridewealth
B) reciprocal exchange of material goods
C) dowry
D) bride service
E) non-monetarized marriage

Question 41

How can you best describe multigenerational households?

A) In a multigenerational household there are three or more generations.
B) In a multigenerational household the grandparent is the primary wage earner.
C) In a multigenerational household there is a generation gap between the spouses.
D) A multigenerational household contains a maximum of two generations.
E) A multigenerational household combines more than two families that are not related by blood.

Question 42

Cultures restrict the choice of marriage partners by such practices as endogamy,the levirate,and the sororate.

Question 43

Reciprocal exchange,a type of marriage compensation rarely found today:

A) emphasized the concept of marriage as an alliance between two families.
B) involved the equal exchange of women between families, allowing long-term alliances.
C) was practiced in very poor societies where there was no material surplus.
D) always involved a slightly higher payment to the groom's family.
E) is currently being revived in areas of southern Africa.

Question 44

Although the nuclear family has been the ideal in the U.S.for most of the 20th century:

A) now only slightly more than half of American families are nuclear families.
B) families today look like the households portrayed in the 1950s sitcoms.
C) now families prefer to be extended and not nuclear.
D) now only about one household in four is nuclear.
E) now only about one household in three is nuclear.

Question 45

Outbreeding,which occurs in human populations with strong incest taboos,has a number of positive genetic consequences.

Question 46

Educational anthropologist Dr.Cathie Jordan worked in a school setting in Hawaii to improve teaching methods for local children of Hawaiian ancestry.All of the following statements are true except:

A) she found that the children contribute significantly to the everyday work of their household.
B) she found that children needed to be given more responsibilities in the classroom in order to increase engagement with the material and performance.
C) Hawaiian children had much greater adult supervision at home than at school.
D) children were highly cooperative in their home environments.
E) levels of achievement in school can be tied to patterns of behavior established in the home environment.

Question 47

According to most anthropologists,arranged marriages are inherently immoral.

Question 48

Young people,in a number of different cultures,are beginning to use matchmaking websites on the Internet to find an appropriate spouse.

Question 49

Which form of marriage compensation is a transfer of goods from the bride's family to the groom's family?

A) bridewealth
B) dowry
C) bride service
D) reciprocal exchange
E) groom service

Question 50

Most societies with arranged marriages assume that marriage is a union of two kin groups,not merely two individuals.

Question 51

The levirate is a remarriage custom in which the widower must marry his deceased wife's sister.

Question 52

Single family households headed by unwed mothers are extremely infrequent in:

A) the United States.
B) France.
C) Korea.
D) England.
E) Sweden.

Question 53

The nuclear family is based on _____ ties and the extended family is based on _____ ties.

A) blood; marital
B) marital; blood
C) inheritance; marital
D) marital; residence
E) bridewealth; dowry

Question 54

Family disruption theory argues that incest causes role ambiguity.

Question 55

In extended family systems:

A) the man's obligation to his wife is more important than his obligations to his brothers.
B) blood ties are more important than ties of marriage.
C) a woman cannot be controlled by another person after she is married.
D) the grandparents are the dominant figures in the household.
E) all members of the family must be wage earners.

Question 56

Parallel cousins are first cousins that are born in the same year.

Question 57

The decline in the percentage of nuclear families in the United States has been influenced by all of the following except:

A) the acceptance of alternative lifestyles in recent years.
B) the increasing divorce rate.
C) the lower costs associated with having children.
D) delays in childbearing and marriage.
E) the expanding job market.

Question 58

Nuclear families are found in societies:

A) in which there is a great amount of geographic mobility.
B) that have become industrialized.
C) with complex systems of government.
D) which are highly stratified.
E) where there is a great deal of material surplus (resources).

Question 59

Ferraro defines family as a social unit characterized by common residence,economic cooperation,and child rearing.

Question 60

The notion of romantic love does not exist in most non-Western cultures.

Question 61

In extended family systems,marriage is usually viewed more as bringing a daughter into the family than acquiring a wife.

Question 62

Compare and contrast rules of endogamy and exogamy.

Question 63

What are the basic differences between a nuclear and extended family?

Question 64

Within the Jie tribe of African,bridewealth payments are very high and tend to result in unstable and difficult marriages.

Question 65

Since 1980 the divorce rate in the United States has been receding.

Question 66

What are three major types of marriage based on the number of spouses permitted?

Question 67

What do societies that practice sororate do if the deceased wife does not have a sister available for her surviving husband to marry?

Question 68

What is dowry?

Question 69

What is the most critical factor influencing the incidence of polygyny?

Question 70

What are the primary benefits of cross cousin marriage?

Question 71

List four of the functions of bridewealth that anthropologists have identified?

Question 72

Usually the dowry was given to the husband,even though it belonged to the wife and was considered her property.

Question 73

The United States has a form of marriage referred to as serial monogamy.

Question 74

Describe the natural aversion theory.Is it an adequate explanation for the incest taboo?

Question 75

Seventy percent of the world's population practices polygyny.

Question 76

It is estimated that as many as 82 percent of societies in Africa utilize bridewealth in the negotiation and transaction of marriage.

Question 77

What are three social benefits of marriage?

Question 78

Polygyny is outlawed in the United States,but as many as 30,000 people practice it.

Question 79

The practice of sororal polygyny tends to maximize stress and competition within the family.

Question 80

The extended family is based on marital ties and the nuclear family is based on blood ties.