Question 1

The political thought of Marx and Engels emphasized which of the following? Please select all that apply.&#10;A) The role of the working classes in the spread of capitalism around the world.&#10;B) The extent to which the bourgeoisie spread capitalism around the world via imperialism.&#10;C) Ideology as a form of false consciousness which works to control the working classes.&#10;D) The extent to which the bourgeoisie are themselves subject to ideological manipulation by the aristocracy.

Accepted Answer

Marx and Engels emphasized the role of the bourgeoisie in the spread of capitalism around the world through imperialism. They also recognized ideology as a form of false consciousness that works to control the working classes. Therefore, options B and C are the best choices. Option A is incorrect as Marx and Engels emphasized the exploitation of the working classes by the bourgeoisie, not their role in spreading capitalism. Option D is also incorrect as Marx and Engels did not argue that the bourgeoisie were subject to ideological manipulation by the aristocracy, but rather the opposite.

Question 2

Both Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems theory and Andre Gunder Frank's dependency theory use a deep historical perspective to show how Europe and the West more generally have always been at the centre of world-transforming dynamics.

Accepted Answer

Both theories emphasize the historical processes that led to the dominance of Europe and the West, but they do not claim that Europe has always been at the center. They focus on the development of global systems and economic dependencies that emerged over time.

Question 3

Critical Theory generally seeks to&#8230;&#10;A) illuminate the conditions under which oppressed people may be emancipated from unjust social conditions.&#10;B) show how conspiracy theories work to oppress the working masses.&#10;C) support a social system in which class privilege retains an important place.&#10;D) introduce a different ethic of emancipation for different classes of people.

Accepted Answer

Critical Theory is a social and philosophical movement that seeks to analyze and transform society and culture, focusing on the relationships between power, oppression, and social change. It aims to illuminate the conditions under which oppressed people may be emancipated from unjust social conditions, such as racism, sexism, and economic exploitation.

Question 4

Robert Cox drew on Antonio Gramsci's work in explaining what?&#10;A) The way in which theories and ideas lose their relevance in the process of creating hegemony.&#10;B) The way in which theories and ideas can become hegemonic in the international sphere.&#10;C) The extent to which working classes can create the means of their own emancipation through participation in the capitalist world order.&#10;D) How hegemony in the international sphere differs from hegemony in the domestic sphere.

Accepted Answer

Robert Cox drew on Antonio Gramsci's work to explain the way in which theories and ideas can become hegemonic in the international sphere. This is based on the concept of cultural hegemony, where dominant groups shape and control the way that society thinks and acts. Cox argued that the world order is not just about power, but also about ideas and that dominant states impose their ideas and values onto the global system to maintain their dominance.

Question 5

Habermas's approach to critical theory and epistemology endorses the notion of objective ethical truths that exist independently of a social world.

Accepted Answer

Habermas's approach to critical theory and epistemology argues against the idea of objective ethical truths that exist independently of a social world. He posits that ethical norms are socially constructed and are subject to reflective revision and critique.

Question 6

The premises of social constructivism in IR challenge the way in which…
Please select all that apply.

A) social rather than material facts are privileged in all traditional IR theories.
B) both neorealism and neo-liberalism take the condition of international anarchy for granted.
C) ideational factors have been overemphasized in neorealism and neo-liberalism.
D) ideational factors have been underemphasized in neorealism and neo-liberalism.

Accepted Answer

Social constructivism challenges the materialist assumptions of traditional IR theories. It argues that ideas and social norms shape international relations, rather than material power alone. Both neorealism and neo-liberalism take the condition of international anarchy for granted, and social constructivism challenges this assumption. Additionally, neorealism and neo-liberalism underemphasize the role of ideational factors, and social constructivism highlights their importance in shaping international relations. Therefore, options B and D are correct.

Question 7

The statement that 'anarchy is what states make of it' means what? Please select all that apply.&#10;A) Anarchy is a social construct and therefore subject to interpretation.&#10;B) The material strength of states determines how they regard the condition of anarchy.&#10;C) Anarchy is a material fact but subject to ideational considerations.&#10;D) Anarchy has no meaning that is independent of intersubjective beliefs.

Accepted Answer

This statement suggests that anarchy is not an inherent condition but is shaped by the interactions and beliefs of states, indicating it is a social construct and dependent on shared understandings.

Question 8

Feminist theories in IR provide critiques of which of the following?
Please select all that apply.

A) The way in which women have often been written out of the script of international politics.
B) Patriarchal structures of authority.
C) The failure of previous generations of women to tackle the problem of patriarchy.
D) The masculinization of gender studies.

Accepted Answer

Feminist theories in IR provide critiques of which of the following?
Please select all that apply.

A) The way in which women have often been written out of the script of international politics.
B) Patriarchal structures of authority.
C) The failure of previous generations of women to tackle the problem of patriarchy.
D) The masculinization of gender studies.

Question 9

Although many of Karl Marx's critics claim that his work is no longer relevant, it is difficult for anyone seriously to dispute its value as a tool to help explain what?&#10;A) The much-improved living standards of workers throughout the world.&#10;B) The survival of the United Nations.&#10;C) The process of 'globalization'.&#10;D) The collapse of Communist regimes in Eastern Europe.

Accepted Answer

Karl Marx's analysis of capitalism and its effects on society can help explain the process of globalization, particularly the unequal distribution of wealth and power that has emerged under this system.

Question 10

Postmodern approaches to IR theory are generally more radical than constructivist approaches because…
Please select all that apply.

A) They are more radical in epistemological terms.
B) They advocate a form of hypermodernism.
C) They map out much more idealistic futures.
D) They seek to transcend virtually all modernist assumptions.

Accepted Answer

Postmodern approaches to IR theory reject modernist assumptions such as the existence of universal truths and objective knowledge. They also seek to transcend these assumptions by emphasizing the importance of recognizing multiple perspectives and the role of power in shaping knowledge. While they may critique and challenge existing power structures, they do not necessarily advocate for idealistic futures or hypermodernism.

Question 11

Postmodern approaches are especially strong on which of the following? Please select all that apply.&#10;A) Providing critical insights into the relationship between power and knowledge.&#10;B) Challenging the power/knowledge nexus.&#10;C) Concealing the contingent status of knowledge.&#10;D) Emphasizing the contingent status of knowledge.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Postmodern approaches are especially strong on which...

Question 12

Metanarratives in postmodern thought generally are taken to embody demonstrably true accounts of history, experience and knowledge in contrast with the false assumptions embodied in religious texts.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Metanarratives in postmodern thought generally are taken...

Question 13

Edward Said depicts 'Orientalism' as which of the following?
Please select all that apply.

A) A method of stereotyping European people as racist.
B) A style of thought through which Europeans defined themselves in contrast with the people of the Orient.
C) A means by which Europeans produced knowledge of the Orient and therefore claimed authority over it.
D) A method of producing reliable geographical knowledge enabling European explorers to navigate.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Edward Said depicts 'Orientalism' as which of...

Question 14

Postcolonial theory in IR is regarded as useful in critically exposing what?&#10;A) The extent to which non-Europeans reject European ideas about sovereignty, anarchy, and international order.&#10;B) The value of European perspectives on the history of colonialism.&#10;C) The morally bankrupt state of the former colonial world.&#10;D) The extent to which traditional IR theory is Eurocentric and therefore provides a very partial view of the world.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Postcolonial theory in IR is regarded as...

Question 15

The value in studying different IR theories is so that we can do which one of the following?&#10;A) Appreciate the extent to which facts speak for themselves regardless of how many theories they are filtered through.&#10;B) Learn to separate fact from fiction in an objective fashion.&#10;C) Understand a variety of ways in which facts about the world may be understood or interpreted.&#10;D) See how facts are manufactured through theory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The value in studying different IR theories...

Deck 15: Critical Approaches to Global Politics