Deck 12: Courts and Multiculturalism

Question 1

Which of the following does NOT occur at the initial appearance in felony case processing?

A) the defendant is informed of their rights
B) the defendant enters a plea
C) the defendant is possibly granted pretrial release
D) the defendant is informed of the charges against him/her

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Those who cannot afford legal representation in court are referred to as __________ defendants.

A) dependent
B) volatile
C) indigent
D) extemporaneous

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The grand jury's task is to determine if a prosecutor's case is strong enough to warrant a(n) ___________.

A) information
B) subpoena
C) warrant
D) indictment

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Discovery refers to:

A) the sharing of information among attorneys
B) illegally obtained evidence being introduced at trial
C) the use of the same witness by both the prosecution and defense
D) the questioning of jurors

Question 5

The Federal Jury Selection and Services Act of 1968:

A) prohibited the exclusion of individuals based on certain characteristics
B) mandated that courts use voter registration lists in constructing a venire
C) required all juries to include at least one member of a minority group
D) mandated that only judges may ask questions of potential jurors during voir dire

Question 6

In 1986, the Supreme Court ruled in _________ that a prosecutor's use of peremptory challenges may not include the dismissal of members of the jury pool based solely on their race.

A) Batson v. Kentucky
B) Gideon v. Wainwright
C) Mapp v. Ohio
D) Terry v. Ohio

Question 7

Although not widely used, the defense ___________ attempts to provide legal justification for criminal behavior by some African Americans frustrated by oppression resulting from living in a White-dominated society.

A) social strain
B) moral outrage
C) black rage
D) discrimination justification

Question 8

__________ refers to the practice of jurors acquitting particular defendants despite strong evidence suggesting guilt. It has become increasingly controversial as several prominent African American scholars encouraged Blacks to acquit other Blacks due to perceived mistreatment of African Americans by the courts.

A) Strongholding
B) Excusable oversight
C) Jury nullification
D) Outcasting

Question 9

A number of states have adopted ____________ sentencing practices that involve offenders receiving a specific amount of time to be served based on the crime for which they were convicted. The move toward this type of sentencing is typically accompanied by the elimination of parole.

A) distributive
B) intermediate
C) indeterminate
D) determinate

Question 10

Researchers have identified four reasons why African American and Hispanic defendants receive harsher penalties than their White counterparts. Which of the following is NOT among the reasons?

A) contextual discrimination
B) capitulated discrimination
C) economic discrimination
D) blatant racial or ethnic discrimination

Question 11

Prosecutors primarily rely on the strength of evidence in their decisions to file charges.

Question 12

In Johnson v. Zerbst, the Supreme Court ruled that all who enter state courts have the right to counsel at all critical stages of the criminal justice process.

Question 13

The research literature has not consistently demonstrated that those represented by public defenders receive harsher sentences than those who use private counsel.

Question 14

Grand jury hearings involve a prosecutor demonstrating to a judge why charges have been filed and justification for continued processing.

Question 15

Defendants are typically present during grand jury hearings.

Question 16

Minorities and the poor are more likely than their counterparts to receive a summons informing them of their call to jury duty.

Question 17

Most states permit convicted felons from serving on juries.

Question 18

During voir dire, attorneys are granted an unlimited number of challenges for cause.

Question 19

At trial, defendants offer one of two defenses: an alibi or an affirmative defense.

Question 20

Defendants who enter a(n) _____________ at trial admit committing the action in question, however, they have legal justification for doing so.

Question 21

The questioning of potential jurors is known as:

Question 22

States use various methods to construct the __________, the list of potential jurors.

Question 23

With regard to the purposes of criminal sentencing, ___________ involves physically preventing one from committing similar acts in the future.

Question 24

Although most U.S. counties use the assigned counsel system, most defendants are represented by ___________ who work in offices that exist solely to provide indigent representation.

Question 25

A ___________ is a document informing individuals of their call to jury duty.

Question 26

Attorneys typically do not need to justify using a ____________ challenge to eliminate seemingly unfit or inappropriate members of the jury pool.

Question 27

The federal government in the United States ceased using sentencing guidelines following the Supreme Court's decision in ___________. The guidelines are now used in an advisory manner in federal courts.

Question 28

The ______________ Act, passed in 2018, was created to address sentencing concerns and help ensure that released offenders do not recidivate.

Question 29

The ___________ doctrine holds that a trial court decision will not be overturned based
on small, insignificant mistakes that appear to have small or no impact on the trial.