Deck 14: The Chi-Square Test

Question 1

The chi-square test was devised for survey-based research

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Sir Frances Galton created the chi-square test in order to conduct his experimental research

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Parametric and nonparametric tests differ fundamentally in the data that they can analyze and the assumptions that are made about that data

Answer 3

True

Question 4

nonparametric tests are useful primarily because they can compare means and take into account the standard deviation and variability in the data

Question 5

Who devised the chi-square test, and why was it created?

Question 6

nonparametric tests are generally used for qualitative data.

Question 7

A significant result when conducting a chi-square test for goodness of fit indicates that it does not fit the expected distribution stated by the null hypothesis

Question 8

the chi-square test for goodness of fit can be used to test a distribution of a dataset deviates from that which is expected.

Question 9

The primary purpose of a two-way chi-square test of independence is to examine whether two factors influence mean differences.

Question 10

In a chi-square test of independence, the null hypothesis states that the two variables are independent.

Question 11

True or False Likert scales are technically qualitative data on an ordinal scale

Question 12

there is some controversy over whether Likert scales are truly on a ratio scale

Question 13

Chi-square goodness of fit generally tests one variable that can have multiple categories or conditions

Question 14

A two-way chi-square is generally used to test whether two variables of interest are independent.

Question 15

A 3 x 3 two way chi-square has 4 degrees off freedom

Question 16

A one way chi-square with 6 categories, there are 4 degrees of freedom

Question 17

nonparametric tests can be used for data on any of the four measurement scales, as quantitative data can be transformed into qualitative data.

Question 18

Galton devised the chi-square because nonparametric analyses would not be suitable for his data at the time

Question 19

Two events are described as independent when the occurrence of one event influences the occurrence of the other.

Question 20

The chi-square test was devised for which of the following purposes?

A) experimental research
B) farming research
C) survey research
D) economic research

Question 21

Non-parametric tests are generally used for ____________ data. They do not use ___________ and _____________.

A) qualitative data; ordinal scales; numbers
B) quantitative data; means; standard deviations
C) qualitative data; means; standard deviations
D) quantitative data; ordinal scales; nominal scales

Question 22

Likert scales can be seen as on a _________ or _________ scale.

A) ratio; interval
B) interval; nominal
C) ordinal; nominal
D) ordinal; interval

Question 23

With which of the following types of situations would resort to using a chi-square in lieu of parametric methods?

A) Having qualitative data
B) Having quantitative data
C) Having small samples
D) Having large variance and sampling error

Question 24

Which of the following is a nonparametric test?

A) Independent t-test
B) z-test
C) Chi-square test
D) two-way ANOVA

Question 25

Which of the following is not a true difference between a parametric and nonparametric test?

A) parametric tests are generally using estimates of population parameters whereas nonparametric tests do not
B) Parametric tests use quantitative data and nonparametric tests are generally used when the data are qualitative, or skewed
C) Parametric tests are inferential tests that produce p-values, and nonparametric tests are not.
D) A chi-square test is not a parametric test. It is a nonparametric test.

Question 26

Which of the following distinguishes assumptions about parametric and nonparametric tests?

A) one uses the median, the other uses the mean.
B) Parametric tests are used for qualitative data, but nonparametric tests can analyze quantitative data
C) Parametric tests are used for quantitative data, but nonparametric tests can be used to analyze qualitative data.
D) Parametric tests become more normal as you increase the number of categories, and nonparametric tests assume normality in the data's distributions.

Question 27

Which of the following questions is most likely to generate data that uses a nonparametric test?

A) Does consume caffeine right before sleeping affect the duration of sleep?
B) Do children with incarcerated parents perform less well in school than their peers without incarcerated parents?
C) Do boys and girls differ in their frequency in choosing a drawing activity or sports activity during their free time?
D) Does consuming sugar affect concentration?

Question 28

If you flip a fair coin 10 times, what is the expected frequency of tails?

A) 4
B) 6
C) 5
D) 0.5

Question 29

What is the expected frequency of rolling a sum of 5 with 2 fair dice?

A) 4/36
B) 1/6
C) 4/6
D) 5/36

Question 30

If you expect that the distribution of observed data differ from the expected distribution, then which of the following is likely to be true?

A) A Chi-square test for goodness of fit is likely to be significant.
B) A Chi-square test for goodness of fit is likely to be non-significant.
C) A Chi-square test for independence is likely to be significant
D) A Chi-square test for independence is likely to be non-significant

Question 31

Rock: 80
Pop: 72
Rap: 38
With no other information, what should the expected frequency be for each type of music?

A) 33.33
B) 63.33
C) 25%
D) 60

Question 32

Rock: 80
Pop: 72
Rap: 38
What kind of chi-square is this, and how many degrees of freedom are there?

A) goodness of fit test, 3 degrees of freedom
B) test of independence, 2 degrees of freedom
C) goodness of fit test, 2 degrees of freedom
D) test of independent, 1 degree of freedom

Question 33

If the test were significant, which of the following is the correct interpretation of the data?

A) There sample distribution does not differ from what is expected
B) The sample distribution differs from what is effected
C) The categories are independent
D) The categories are not independent

Question 34

Which of the following best describes the controversy related to Likert scales described in chapter 14 of the text?

A) Whether Likert scales are valid measures
B) Whether Likert scales measure anything at all
C) Whether Likert scales are on ratio scales or not
D) Whether Likert scales are on ordinal or interval scales

Question 35

Why is it important to consider what measurement scale a Likert scale represents?

A) It influences how data generated by Likert scales are analyzed
B) It influences what assumptions are being made when collecting the data
C) It likely influences the quality of the data and how likely you are to make good estimates about the population
D) It influences the way experiments are designed

Question 36

Maria used a non-parametric analysis to analyze survey responses on a Likert scale. What does this imply?

A) Mariah is treating the data from Likert scales to be on an ordinal scale.
B) Maria is using tests like ANOVA to compare mean differences on Likert scales.
C) Mariah is wrong - Likert scales should always be analyzed on an interval scale, and she should use parametric methods.
D) None of the above are correct.

Question 37

Why is there controversy over how to analyze data from Likert scales?

A) People differ in whether they think Likert scales generate valid data.
B) People differ in whether they think Likert scales yield quantitative data
C) People differ in whether they think Likert scales can be treated as dependent variables
D) People differ in whether they think Likert scales can be used in experimental research, and whether the data are on interval or ratio scales.

Question 38

In a two-way chi-square, if both variables have 3 categories, how many degrees of freedom are there?

A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 9

Question 39

In a two-way chi-square, if both variables have 2 categories, how many degrees of freedom are there?

A) 4
B) 3
C) 2
D) 1

Question 40

Does experiencing trauma as a child and relationship quality as adults relate? A researcher wanted to know if individuals who experience abuse as a child makes them more likely to go through divorce as adults. Below are the data.
$$\begin{array} { c | c c } & \text { Had a divorce } & \text { No divorce } \\\hline \text { Experienced abuse } & 149 & 62 \\\text { No experience } & 48 & 133\end{array}$$ What best describes the procedure that the researcher will use, and how many degrees of freedom are there?

A) Chi-square test for independence, 2 df
B) Chi-square test for independence, 1df
C) Chi-square goodness of fit test, 2 df
D) Chi-square goodness of fit test, 1 df

Question 41

Does experiencing trauma as a child and relationship quality as adults relate? A researcher wanted to know if individuals who experience abuse as a child makes them more likely to go through divorce as adults. Below are the data.
$$\begin{array} { c | c c } & \text { Had a divorce } & \text { No divore } \\\hline \text { Experienced abuse } & 149 & 62 \\\text { No experience } & 48 & 133\end{array}$$ If the result is significant, it suggests that…

A) the null hypothesis is false.
B) Divorce and experiencing child abuse are independent of one another
C) Divorce and experiencing child abuse are dependent on one another
D) Child abuse causes divorce.

Question 42

Which of the following datasets is not likely to be analyzable with a parametric test?

A) Difference in reaction time between two groups
B) Correlation between height and weight
C) Whether boys and girls prefer different TV shows
D) Whether engineers have lower GPAs than psychology majors.

Question 43

In a chi-square goodness of fit test, if there are 4 categories, what is the expected proportion for each cell, assuming that you have no clear model in mind?

A) 20%
B) 25%
C) 4%
D) 40%

Question 44

A one-way and two-way chi-square differs in which way?

A) a one-way chi-square has one variable whereas a two-way chi-square has two
B) a one-way chi-square tests for goodness of fit whereas a two-way tests for independence
C) a one-way chi-square tests for whether an observed distribution fits what is expected, and a two-way chi-square tests for whether two variables are related to one another.
D) All of the above are true differences

Question 45

Do individuals from different regions prefer different protein for their dinners? Below are the data.
What type of test is appropriate?

Question 46

Do individuals from different regions prefer different protein for their dinners? Below are the data.
How many degrees of freedom are there for this test?

Question 47

Do individuals from different regions prefer different protein for their dinners? Below are the data.
What is the observed chi-square value? Is the result significant at the alpha = .05 level?

Question 48

Are there equal numbers of humanities, science, and social science majors at a small liberal arts college? A college administrator is interested and analyzing the data with a chi-square test. Below are the data
Science: 439 students
Humanities: 399 students
Social Science: 557 students
How many degrees of freedom are there for this chi-square test?

Question 49

Are there equal numbers of humanities, science, and social science majors at a small liberal arts college? A college administrator is interested and analyzing the data with a chi-square test. Below are the data
Science: 439 students
Humanities: 399 students
Social Science: 557 students
What is the expected frequency for each major, if the administrator does not have any prior expectations?

Question 50

Are there equal numbers of humanities, science, and social science majors at a small liberal arts college? A college administrator is interested and analyzing the data with a chi-square test. Below are the data
Science: 439 students
Humanities: 399 students
Social Science: 557 students
what is the observed chi-square value? Is it significant at the alpha = .05 level?

Question 51

What is a non-parametric test? Is the chi-square test a parametric test? How are non-parametric and parametric tests different?

Question 52

Why was the chi-square test devised? What is unique about the data that it analyzes compare to tests like an ANOVA?

Question 53

This data asked participants to report whether or not they are a mom or dad, and whether they encourage their children's to believe in Santa Claus. Is encouragement of Santa Claus dependent on whether it's mom or dad? Use an alpha level of .05