Deck 11: Sex and Gender

Question 1

Most children label themselves accurately as male or female by which age (in years)?

A) 5
B) 4
C) 2
D) 3
E) 1

Answer 1

C

Question 2

An individual's awareness off being male or female is the technical definition of:

A) Gender
B) Sex
C) Gender identity
D) Sex-typed behaviour
E) Gender stability

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to Egan and Perry (2001) gender identity involves all of the following EXCEPT:

A) One is typical member of one's sex
B) Contentment with one's biological sex
C) pressures from parents to conform to gender-role stereotypes
D) a preference for gender stereotypical activities
E) Pressure from other children to conform to gender-role stereotypes

Answer 3

D

Question 4

At what age (in years) does gender segregation at play typically begin?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 2
D) 4
E) 5

Question 5

Why do some argue that gender dysphoria should be removed from DSM-5?

A) It is not a mental disorder
B) It needs to be re-labelled
C) It has no relevance to today
D) It is misunderstood
E) It is poorly understood

Question 6

Which person put forward the gender similarities hypothesis?

A) Freud
B) Gray
C) Kohlberg
D) Ruble
E) Hyde

Question 7

What percentage of gender differences are small or very small?

A) 0.55
B) 0.65
C) 0.75
D) 0.85
E) 0.95

Question 8

Which of the following supposed sex differences is NOT backed up by at least a small statistical tendency across the available literature?

A) Males tend to outperform females on tests of spatial ability
B) Girls tend to exhibit superior verbal abilities to boys
C) Boys tend to outperform girls in mathematics
D) Girls tend to score higher than boys on surgency
E) Girls tend to score higher than boys on effortful control

Question 9

According to Schmitt et al.'s (2008) cross-cultural study on adult personality, there was a small overall tendency for women to be higher than men on all the following traits EXCEPT:

A) Extraversion
B) Assertiveness
C) Agreeableness
D) Conscientiousness
E) Neuroticism

Question 10

Which researchers are most associated with the social cognitive theory of gender development?

A) Trautner and Zosuls
B) Martin and Halverson
C) Bussey and Bandura
D) Zhu and Imperato-McGinley
E) Berenbaum and Beltry

Question 11

Which of the following terms best describes how a child learns about sex-typed behaviour by discovering the outcomes resulting from its actions?

A) Modelling
B) Direct tuition
C) Observational learning
D) Enactive experience
E) Reverse conditioning

Question 12

Self-socialisation theory developed most directly out of which other theory?

A) Gender schema
B) Cognitive developmental
C) Sociocultural
D) Social learning
E) Psychosexual

Question 13

According to Martin et al. (1990), at what age (in years) do children start linking together the different kinds of information they possess about their own gender, having reached Stage 2:

A) 10 to 12
B) 8 to 9
C) 2 to 3
D) 4 to 5
E) 1 to 2

Question 14

Which of the following findings comes from an experimental manipulation detailed in the text?

A) Boys who used gender labels are more likely than other boys to play with trucks rather than dolls
B) Children spend more time playing with objects they had been told were appropriate to their gender
C) Boys' gender knowledge predicts the extent to which they preferred sex-typed toys and activities
D) Boys' gender knowledge predicts their avoidance of toys and activities associated with girls
E) Girls' gender knowledge is much less predictive of their preferred and avoided toys and activities than it is for boys

Question 15

Biologically male children who have what appear to be female genitals until puberty are referred to as Guevedoces in which country?

A) Dominican Republic
B) Spain
C) Mexico
D) Costa Rica
E) Cuba

Question 16

An inherited disorder that causes the levels of male sex hormones in foetuses of both sexes to be unusually high is most related to which gland?

A) Thyroid
B) Pituitary
C) Hypothalamus
D) Adrenal
E) Thymus

Question 17

According to the data reported in the text, all of the following tend to be true of females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, who were exposed to unusually high levels of male sex hormones in the foetal state, EXCEPT:

A) They are more likely to have a non-heterosexual orientation
B) They play more with boys' toys
C) They are more likely to choose male-dominant professions
D) They are more likely to like rough sports
E) They are more likely to have been encouraged to play with boys' toys by their parents

Question 18

What according to Berenbaum (2018) are the preferences of females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia predominantly shaped by?

A) Biological dispositions
B) Family environment
C) Interaction of biological factors and social experiences
D) Interaction of family influence and social experiences
E) Interaction of biological factors and family influence

Question 19

What percentage of identical twins were found by Heyens et al. (2012) to be concordant for gender incongruence?

A) 0.38
B) 0.39
C) 0.4
D) 0.41
E) 0.42

Question 20

Which aspect of parental attitudes has been linked to gender incongruence?

A) Rejection
B) Encouragement
C) Acceptance
D) Supportive
E) Ambivalence