Deck 10: Moral Development

Question 1

According to the text, human morality is made up of which three key components?

A) Cognitive, emotional, and normative
B) Cognitive, rational, and emotional
C) Rational, emotional, and behavioural
D) Reactive, proactive, and behavioural
E) Cognitive, emotional, and behavioural

Answer 1

E

Question 2

What technique did Kohlberg favour in assessing moral development?

A) Examining polling cards
B) Observing playground play
C) Posing moral dilemmas
D) Collecting electrophysiological measures of arousal to videos
E) Conducting controlled experiments to examine display rules

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Obedience to authority is most associated with which level of Kohlberg's moral development?

A) Pre-conventional morality
B) Conventional morality
C) Post-conventional morality
D) Reward mentality
E) Concrete operational morality

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Across all the levels of Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental theory, there are how many individual stages?

A) Four
B) Five
C) Six
D) Eight
E) Three

Question 5

According to Kohlberg's theory, which of the following factors determines right and wrong EARLIEST in moral development?

A) Rule of law
B) Reward
C) Intention
D) Punishment
E) Principles of conscience

Question 6

Which criticism did Lapsley & Carlo (2014) make of Kohlberg's theory?

A) Kohlberg neglected emotional and behavioural components of morality
B) The moral dilemmas are not a test of real-life moral reasoning
C) Kohlberg underestimated young children's moral development
D) The sequence of stages is too inflexible
E) He used an all-male sample

Question 7

Which of the following was NOT a major criticism levelled against Kohlberg's theory or methods in the text?

A) People's level of moral reasoning is often higher with the imaginary scenarios then those of everyday life
B) He minimised the role of emotional processes
C) He tended to neglect factors like sympathy and courage
D) The proposed sequence of stages does not hold across most cultures
E) Kohlberg's initial sample was entirely male

Question 8

What predicts moral development according to Goffin et al. (2020)?

A) Past experiences
B) Genetic factors
C) Parental instruction
D) Reward and punishment
E) Theory of mind

Question 9

Gilligan criticised Kohberg's theory for failing to consider that morality differs across:

A) Culture
B) Subculture
C) Age
D) Gender
E) Socio-economic group

Question 10

According to Gilligan (1982), girls tend to develop which type of morality?

A) Laws
B) Justice
C) Care
D) Authority
E) Independence

Question 11

According to Friesdorf et al. (2015) deontological moral judgements are based on THESE processes:

A) Cognitive
B) Biological
C) Emotional
D) Social
E) Individual

Question 12

Why do women respond differently to the 'suffocate the baby' dilemma' than men?

A) They lack moral reasoning compared to men
B) They make decisions based on emotional processes more than men
C) They make decisions based on cognitive processes more than men
D) They solve the dilemma using a justice morality
E) They give greater depth of thought to the dilemma than men

Question 13

What do women report more of than men, according to Ward and King (2018), when they commit moral transgressions?

A) Fear
B) Power
C) Exhilaration
D) Anxiety and depression
E) Guilt and shame

Question 14

Which major style identified by Hoffman (1970), used by parents in the moral development of their children, involves explaining why a given action is wrong, with special emphasis on its effects on other people?

A) Induction
B) Power assertion
C) Love withdrawal
D) Authoritarian
E) Neglectful

Question 15

Which was the LEAST effective parenting style, on account of its negative effect on moral development, identified by Brody and Shaffer (1982)?

A) Authoritarian
B) Love withdrawal
C) Power assertion
D) Neglectful
E) Induction

Question 16

Kochanska et al. (2008) found which factor during the first two years of life strongly predicted moral behaviour at 52 months?

A) Mutually responsive orientation between mother and child
B) Vocabulary size
C) Number of playmates
D) Duration of sleep
E) Metabolic energy expenditure

Question 17

Mothers should treat their babies as THIS according to Goffin et al. (2020):

A) A social agent
B) A cognitive agent
C) A psychological agent
D) An emotional agent
E) A biological agent

Question 18

Kochanska and Kim (2014) what is the key consequence of effortful control in terms of behaviour?

A) Cooperation
B) Self-regulation
C) Empathy
D) Self-discipline
E) Motivation

Question 19

Of the following, who did Kandel (1973) conclude most influenced marijuana use in adolescents?

A) Doctors
B) Parents
C) Teachers
D) Peers
E) Anti-drug advertising

Question 20

Which of these factors is NOT present in Garrigan et al.'s (2018) social information-moral decision-making framework?

A) Brain development (e.g., genetics)
B) Social factors (e.g., peer interaction; parenting)
C) Emotion processes (e.g., personality; mood)
D) the database (e.g., knowledge; memory)
E) empathy