Deck 19: Social Inequality and Health

Question 1

What have researchers determined to be the major contributor to the gender gap in life expectancy in 2000?

A) Cancer and heart disease mortality rates
B) Suicide
C) Workplace accidents
D) Violence
E) Liver failure

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is not a facet of the "social acceptability" hypothesis?

A) Women are more willing to accept the sick role than men.
B) Women may be more attentive to bodily sensations.
C) Women may be more likely to talk about their bodies.
D) Women have a greater willingness to take preventative and healing actions.
E) Women take on roles that are socially acceptable and generally healthier.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Which hypothesis suggests that men are socialized to engage in risky behaviour?

A) The healthy behaviours hypothesis
B) The social acceptability hypothesis
C) The looking-glass self hypothesis
D) The risk hypothesis
E) The oedipal complex

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Adherence to what popular norm is lethal for men's health and beneficial for women's health?

A) The second shift
B) Social distance
C) Hegemonic masculinity and femininity
D) Ethnocentrism
E) Emotional labour

Question 5

In terms of morbidity, which of the following is correct?

A) Men are more likely than women to report psychological distress.
B) Women are more likely than men to report strong functional health.
C) Women are more likely than men to report the presence of a chronic condition.
D) Men are more likely than women to report the presence of chronic condition.
E) Men and women experience similar levels of morbidity in Canada.

Question 6

How does the "multiple roles" hypothesis relate to health outcomes?

A) Men are more likely than women to take on numerous duties, which can result in poorer health.
B) Research shows that those who take on multiple roles benefit from the diversity and challenges they bring.
C) Women are more likely than men to take on numerous duties, which can result in poorer health.
D) Men are more likely than women to take on larger singular roles, which increases their chances of excessive demands on their time and energy.
E) Men are more likely than women to take on roles that entail health risks and excessive risk more generally, thus damaging their health.

Question 7

What is the name of the hypothesis that posits that women are more likely to experience ill health than men due to excessive primary caregiver responsibilities?

A) Nurturant hypothesis
B) Second shift hypothesis
C) Emotional labour hypothesis
D) Hegemonic femininity hypothesis
E) Unpaid labour hypothesis

Question 8

In studies of gendered health inequalities, the "under-reporting" hypothesis essentially argues what point?

A) Survey findings provide inaccurate portrayals of health among men.
B) What may appear to be poorer health scores for women is not actually the case.
C) Prevalent norms of masculinity make men less likely to report the presence of an illness.
D) Women are more likely to speak for the household than are men in household surveys.
E) All of the above

Question 9

Which concept is best defined as a principle by which people are defined, differentiated, and organized around a shared awareness of their common ancestry as expressed in culture, physical attributes, language, historical experiences, and birthright?

A) Race
B) Ethnicity
C) Social class
D) Caste
E) Phenotypic variation

Question 10

The systematic exclusion of social groups from certain social, political, and economic worlds best describes what phenomenon?

A) Social oppression
B) Alienation
C) Anomie
D) Institutional racism
E) Indirect discrimination

Question 11

What variable did Veenstra (2009) argue partly explains the association between Aboriginal identification and health indicators?

A) Family history
B) Adherence to a traditional religion
C) Belief in natural healing methods
D) Substance abuse
E) Socioeconomic status

Question 12

What is one potential explanation for the lower rates of heart disease and cancer among Black Canadians?

A) Survival bias
B) Education
C) Body mass index
D) Health-related practices
E) Household income

Question 13

Virtually all of North American research on social class and health has used what term(s) interchangeably with "social class"?

A) Owner/worker
B) Status group
C) Socioeconomic status
D) Blue/white/pink collar
E) Occupation

Question 14

Which hypothesis suggests that illness starts a downward trajectory on the socio-economic status ladder?

A) Spuriousness argument
B) Drift hypothesis
C) Modernization thesis
D) Developmental model
E) Neo-material interpretation

Question 15

Which of the following is not a way in which heterosexism and homophobia manifest themselves with the potential to produce health differences in the LGBT population?

A) Internalized homophobia
B) External homophobia
C) Institutional homophobia
D) Cultural homophobia
E) Economic homophobia

Question 16

Since the 1920s, life expectancy has had a gender gap. Between 1996 and 2011, the gender gap _______.

A) widened
B) narrowed
C) closed
D) stayed the same
E) significantly improved

Question 17

What argument explains that women are more likely than men to engage in healthful behaviours and lifestyles?

A) Healthy behaviours argument
B) The sick role
C) The risk hypothesis
D) The social acceptability hypothesis
E) Multiple roles hypothesis

Question 18

The reasons for socioeconomic differences between men and women are ________.

A) caused by a matter of chance
B) not evident
C) structural in nature
D) pertaining to the history of patriarchy in Canada and elsewhere
E) both C & D

Question 19

Race is a ____construct.

A) Biological
B) Biological & political
C) Social & political
D) Social
E) Political

Question 20

In 2017, Statistics Canada reported that life expectancy for Inuit males was ____, compared to 79 years for Canadian males in general.

A) 73
B) 79
C) 78
D) 64
E) 80

Question 21

Veenstra and Patterson (2016) speculate that high rates of diabetes and hypertension among Black Canadians reflect ________.

A) experiences of racism
B) biological differences
C) survival bias
D) institutional racism
E) phenotypical characteristics

Question 22

Socioeconomic status has three main indicators, including income, education, and occupation. How is education measured?

A) Intelligence quotient (IQ) score
B) Whether an individual has received a high school education
C) Number of years of education
D) Highest educational level attained or number of years of education
E) Self-rated perception of intelligence

Question 23

Researchers who adopt a materialistic perspective argue that poor health reflects material phenomena. What is not an example of material phenomena?

A) Adverse housing characteristics
B) Bad environmental exposures
C) Poor nutrition
D) A post-secondary education
E) Limited access to medical care

Question 24

What are studies on LGBTQIA2S+ people in Canada limited by?

A) Geographic area
B) Representativeness
C) Sample selection
D) Limited prior research
E) Both a and c

Question 25

Intersectionality theory considers axes of inequality to be ________.

A) mutually exclusive
B) independent
C) mutually constituted
D) singularly faceted
E) Both a and b

Question 26

Men appear more likely than women to die from nearly all of the major causes of death.

Question 27

Elderly women are more likely than elderly men to die as the result of accidents like falls, drowning, or choking.

Question 28

A greater attention to minor signs and symptoms, and a greater willingness to take preventative and healing actions, may mean that health problems for women are less severe than for men of the same age.

Question 29

The "risk hypothesis" suggests that men are socialized to engage in risky behaviours.

Question 30

The risk hypothesis and the healthy behaviours argument need to be considered in isolation from our common understanding of masculinity and femininity.

Question 31

Hegemonic masculinity and hegemonic femininity are damaging to the health of men and women respectively.

Question 32

In Canada, data suggest that mortality and morbidity is similar among men and women.

Question 33

Canadian women's higher incidence of poor self-reported health disappears when controlling for age.

Question 34

Women's primary responsibilities in caregiving can adversely affect their health by causing them to neglect their own health needs.

Question 35

The "biased nature of medical research" argument claims that women's groups have more successfully lobbied scientists to prioritize the scientific study of women's health issues over men's.

Question 36

One way that racist experiences can damage one's health is through the internalization of the negative experience.

Question 37

It is apparent that life expectancies for Indigenous people are among the very lowest of all racial and ethnic groups in Canada.

Question 38

In his research using Canadian data, Veenstra (2009) found no effect of socioeconomic status on the relationship between Aboriginal identification and health indicators.

Question 39

In a 2016 survey, Black men were less likely to report heart disease than white men.

Question 40

The Marxist conception of social class is the de facto standard used in assessments of North American health patterns.

Question 41

The drift hypothesis suggests that some prior genetic cause influences both socioeconomic status and health.

Question 42

The psychosocial interpretation of health argues that one's perception of his or her position relative to others affects health.

Question 43

The relationship between socioeconomic status and health is consistent and constant across all levels of socioeconomic status.

Question 44

Cultural homophobia refers to social standards and norms that portray heterosexuality as "normal" and "moral."

Question 45

Before the rise of industrial capitalism, Canadian men and women had very different life expectancies.

Question 46

The top 17 causes of death reported in Canadian health statistics in 2011 were similar for men and women, suggesting they are dying for largely the same reasons.

Question 47

Throughout the past century, most deaths in the workplace were males.

Question 48

The word "race" did not exist until the 18th century.

Question 49

According to data from 1996, First Nations and Inuit were 6.5 times more likely than the total Canadian population to die from injuries or poison.

Question 50

Veenstra and Patterson (2016) only controlled for immigrant status and age in their data.

Question 51

Education has a relatively low refusal rate on questionnaires whereas income tends to have a high refusal rate.

Question 52

Most empirical evidence provides support for the "spuriousness" argument.

Question 53

Pakula and Shoveller (2012) found that LGBT respondents were much more likely than respondents identifying as heterosexual to report a mood disorder.

Question 54

Gagné and Veenstra's (2017) study shows the associations between diabetes and intersections between racial identity (Black or White), gender (female or male), and education level.

Question 55

What variable is the most common indicator of socioeconomic status in the health literature? What makes this such a strong indicator?

Question 56

What is homophobia? How can homophobia manifest itself and how can this explain potential health differences between LGBT people and the heterosexual population?

Question 57

Why do men tend to rank higher than women on measures of socioeconomic status?

Question 58

How do health differences vary between different social groups in Canada?

Question 59

How are health and illness a product of dominant norms of masculinity and femininity? Cite the perspectives of two different hypotheses.

Question 60

What are potential causes of gender differences in the health determinants literature? Cite the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches.

Question 61

How are social class and socioeconomic status integrated in the health literature? How are they distinct and which seems to offer a better determinant of health?

Question 62

What is intersectionality theory? Refer to the two approaches that intersectionality scholars take and explain how particular people may be more vulnerable than others based on axes of inequality.

Question 63

Is going to the doctor a gendered phenomenon? What explains this?

Question 64

How has your socioeconomic status impacted your own health-related behaviours? How might someone of different SES have behaved in a similar situation?

Question 65

Imagine you were creating a social survey pertaining to the health of the Canadian population. How would you go about measuring health? What sorts of questions would you ask people? What challenges might you face?

Question 66

How do you think COVID-19 impacted the gender gap in socioeconomic status in Canada?

Question 67

What resources could be beneficial for those identifying as LGBTQIA2S+ in Canada? Think about the discrimination that this population experiences, and how resources might be able to help.