Deck 4: Carbohydrate: The Efficient Fuel

Question 1

Which is least likely to be found free in nature?

A) Galactose
B) Fructose
C) Glucose
D) Maltose

Answer 1

Maltose

Question 2

Photosynthesis results in the formation of a carbohydrate and the release of oxygen.A carbohydrate can be referred to as a hydrated carbon.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Answer 2

Both statements are true.

Question 3

Carbohydrates are referred to as protein-derived because their most efficient function is conversion of protein to monosaccharide for utilization as an energy source.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Answer 3

Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 4

Each is true of polysaccharides,except one.Which is the exception?

A) They are complex carbohydrates.
B) They contain more than 10 monosaccharides.
C) Cooking decreases the digestive process of some polysaccharides.
D) Some polysaccharides have a role in energy storage.

Question 5

Galactose,a sugar alcohol called xylitol that is produced from sugar beets,does not contribute tooth decay because oral bacteria lack the enzymes to ferment xylitol.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 6

Sucrose,lactose,and fructose can result in demineralization of tooth enamel because they rapidly diffuse into plaque biofilm and raise pH levels.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 7

Dietary fiber refers to digestible components of food that include polysaccharides,lignin,whole grains,and seeds.Sources or dietary fiber usually contain other macronutrients,but vitamin and mineral components must be obtained through food processing.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 8

Sucrose,lactose,and fructose can be metabolized by bacterial plaque.Fructose,also known as levulose and found naturally in honey,is less cariogenic than sucrose and lactose.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 9

The principal role of absorbed sugar is to:

A) encourage the growth of bacteria.
B) accelerate gastrointestinal motility.
C) provide energy for body functions.
D) lipogenesis.

Question 10

Complex carbohydrates contain more than 10 monosaccharides.Complex carbohydrates are also called disaccharides.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 11

Which monosaccharide is the most sweet?

A) Glucose
B) Dextrose
C) Fructose
D) Sucrose

Question 12

Dietary fiber is digested and absorbed in the stomach.Resistant starch,a form of dietary fiber,functions as a prebiotic and helps with regularity.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 13

Sugar substitutes can reduce energy content and decrease cariogenicity of a product.Used in moderation,sugar substitutes are beneficial.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 14

The most significant dietary influence on the development of dental caries is:

A) carbohydrates.
B) vitamins.
C) minerals.
D) fats.
E) proteins.

Question 15

Each statement describes an aspect of ketosis,except one.Which is the exception?

A) An accumulation of ketones in the blood results in ketosis.
B) Incomplete oxidation of fatty products results in ketosis.
C) Ketones are normal products of lipid metabolism in the liver.
D) Glucose interferes with the ability of muscles to utilize ketones for energy.
E) Oxidation of fats requires the presence of some carbohydrates.

Question 16

Glycogen,also known as cellulose,is the carbohydrate storage form of energy in humans.Large reserves of glycogen are stored in the kidney and liver as adipose tissue.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 17

Starches are insoluble in cold water because the cell wall is composed of long,straight tightly bound chains of glucose units.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 18

Which statement is true regarding MyPlate?

A) Added sugar is a physiologic requirement.
B) MyPlate includes a separate section for sugars.
C) Added sugars are excluded from discretionary calories.
D) Eating sugar in moderation implies proper nutrient balance.

Question 19

It is well established that removing sucrose from the diet results in significant reduction of dental caries.Although the total elimination of sweets permanently is unrealistic,the best advice includes consuming sugar in moderation and limiting the frequency of sugar exposure.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 20

Which consumption pattern of fermentable carbohydrate is considered most cariogenic?

A) A single exposure to a large quantity
B) A single exposure to a small quantity
C) Multiple exposures of small quantities
D) Multiple exposures followed by chewing sugarless gum

Question 21

Each statement is true of sugar alcohols,except one.Which is the exception?

A) Xylitol is anticariogenic because oral bacteria cannot ferment it.
B) Sugar alcohols can inhibit growth of Streptococcus mutans.
C) Sugar alcohols can prevent the lowering of plaque biofilm pH.
D) Lactitol is twice as sweet as sucrose.

Question 22

During pregnancy,saccharin is safe to recommend because nonnutritive sweeteners do not cross the placental barrier.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 23

Each statement is correct concerning high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS),except one.Which is the exception?

A) HFCS is a popular ingredient in soft drinks.
B) HFCS is composed of glucose and glucose polymers.
C) HFCS is sweeter than regular corn syrup.
D) HFCS is made from corn starch.

Question 24

A patient would like to increase glycogen stores.Which food could you suggest?

A) Beef
B) Fish
C) Donuts
D) Dried beans

Question 25

Snacks contribute significantly to the nutritional intake of young children and teenagers.Approximately 50% of commonly consumed snack foods contain fermentable carbohydrates.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 26

Each would be a good source of soluble fiber to recommend to a patient with diarrhea,except one.Which is the exception?

A) Bran
B) Apples
C) Ripe bananas
D) Legumes

Question 27

High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)has been used primarily in carbonate beverages and fruit preparations because sugar alcohols are thought to decrease the risk of dental caries.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 28

Each nonnutritive sweetener can be recommended to patients with phenylketonuria,except one.Which one is the exception?

A) Cyclamate
B) Acesulfame-K
C) Saccharine
D) Aspartame
E) Sucralose

Question 29

Which provides the most fiber?

A) 3 oz of pot roast with cup gravy
B) 1 cup of brown and wild rice blend
C) 1 medium orange
D) 1.5 cups of Mini-Wheat cereal

Question 30

Each is associated with increased dental erosion,except one.Which is the exception?

A) Frequent consumption of acidic beverages
B) Increased salivary flow
C) Prolonged holding of food in the mouth
D) Mouth breathing

Question 31

Which carbohydrate is the least cariogenic?

A) Sucrose
B) Glucose
C) Lactose
D) Fructose
E) Fiber

Question 32

As the frequency of fermentable carbohydrate intake increases,the pH of plaque decreases.A fermentable carbohydrate that can reduce salivary pH to less than 7.5 is considered cariogenic.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 33

Carbohydrates alone do not cause obesity.Excessive caloric intake and inadequate energy output are the primary causes of obesity.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 34

Each statement is true of sugar substitutes,except one.Which is the exception?

A) Sugar substitutes have beneficial ramification for dental hygiene.
B) Consumption of caloric sweeteners is increasing faster than that of low-calorie sweeteners.
C) Nonnutritive sweeteners make some foods more palatable.
D) Each sweetener has different properties.

Question 35

Which snacks would the best choice for a dental hygienist to recommend to reduce the risk of dental caries?

A) Peanut butter and crackers
B) Cheese cubes
C) Caramel candy
D) Raisins

Question 36

While counseling a patient about the benefits of fiber,each of the following suggestions are correct,except one.Which is the exception?

A) Fiber increases the stool bulk.
B) Fiber provides muscle tone for digestive muscles.
C) Fiber enables increased colonic pressure.
D) Fiber slows starch hydrolysis.

Question 37

Soluble dietary fiber delays gastric emptying because their gel-forming ability increases the viscosity of chyme.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 38

Which provides the most fructose?

A) Milk
B) Fruits
C) Cereals
D) Vegetables

Question 39

If a patient complains of diarrhea,which carbohydrate is most likely to be the culprit?

A) Sorbitol
B) Sucrose
C) Mannose
D) Pentose
E) Aspartame

Question 40

Which animal-derived food contains the most significant level of carbohydrates?

A) Egg
B) Beef
C) Milk
D) Poultry

Question 41

MyPlate includes a separate section for sugars because high sugar consumption equates with a poor quality diet.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 42

Vegetables such as lettuce,celery,and broccoli have the potential to cause acid production or demineralization of enamel because they contain carbohydrate.

A) Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
B) Both the statement and the reason are correct but are not related.
C) The statement is correct, but the reason is not correct.
D) The statement is not correct, but the reason is correct.
E) Neither the statement nor the reason is correct.

Question 43

Nonessential amino acids are produced by the liver.Portions of the carbon framework from the sugar molecule and oxidized fats are utilized in this process.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 44

Based on the information in the Food Record,which contains lactose,galactose,and glucose? Food Record
*Breakfast
1 cup oatmeal
1 slice whole-grain toast
Cup grapefruit juice
1 cup milk
*Lunch
2 slices white bread
Lettuce leaf and carrot
2 oz slices turkey breast
Cup corn
1 orange
*Dinner
1 whole blueberry muffin
3 oz grilled chicken
Cup baked beans
Cup cooked cabbage
2 plums

A) Corn
B) White bread
C) Plums
D) Milk

Question 45

Increasing whole grains in the diet can lead to improved gastrointestinal and cardiovascular health.Complex carbohydrates are caries-inhibiting.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 46

For individuals with diabetes,a blood glucose level before meals that is greater than 130 mg/dL is considered hypoglycemic.A blood glucose level that is less than 70 mg/dL is hyperglycemia.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 47

Ideal foods to recommend to patients to increase their fiber intake include all,except one.Which is the exception?

A) Fruits with skins
B) Unbuttered popcorn
C) Carrots
D) Oatmeal cookies
E) Whole-grain crackers

Question 48

When carbohydrates are eliminated from the diet to lose weight,which nutrients are most likely to become insufficient?

A) Iron, fiber, and protein
B) Iron, fiber, and vitamin K
C) Vitamin A and vitamin C
D) Iron, fiber, and B vitamins

Question 49

Carbohydrate metabolism requires an adequate supply of B vitamins and two minerals-calcium and magnesium.Usually,adequate amounts of nutrients accompany carbohydrate intake except when refined sugars and breads are the predominant choices.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 50

Dietary fiber,especially hemicellulose and cellulose,is furnished by grain products such as wheat,corn,rice,and oats.The fiber content of foods claiming "whole-grain" must have more than 5 g of fiber per serving.

A) Both statements are true.
B) Both statements are false.
C) The first statement is true; the second is false.
D) The first statement is false; the second is true.

Question 51

Based on the information in the Food Record,which is the best source of cellulose?
*Food Record
Breakfast
1 cup oatmeal
1 slice whole-grain toast
Cup grapefruit juice
1 cup milk
*Lunch
2 slices white bread
Lettuce leaf and carrot
2 oz slices turkey breast
Cup corn
1 orange
*Dinner
1 whole blueberry muffin
3 oz grilled chicken
Cup baked beans
Cup cooked cabbage
2 plums

A) Oatmeal
B) Baked beans
C) Cooked cabbage
D) Berries