Deck 9: Variations on Experimental Designs

Question 1

Which one of the following qualities is shared by both single-case experimental design and case studies?

A) Rich data
B) Systematic manipulation of the independent variable(s)
C) Ease of generalizing findings to the general population
D) Can involve only one participant

Answer 1

Can involve only one participant

Question 2

Which one of the following qualities is unique to single-case experimental design?

A) Ability to produce highly generable findings
B) Lack of confounding variables that plague other experimental designs
C) Can establish causality with only one subject
D) Allows researchers to study topics that raise ethical concerns if subjects are assigned to particular conditions

Answer 2

Can establish causality with only one subject

Question 3

Which of the following describes a characteristic of single-case experimental design that allows researchers to examine causal effects of the intervention?

A) Studying the effect of the intervention on the dependent variable in only one subject at a time.
B) Randomly assigning either the baseline measure or the intervention for the single subject to start the experiment with.
C) Taking an initial baseline measure, followed by the intervention, then taking another measure after the intervention has worn off.
D) Isolates the main effect of the intervention using a reversal design, hence reducing complicated interaction effects that are confusing to interpret.

Answer 3

Taking an initial baseline measure, followed by the intervention, then taking another measure after the intervention has worn off.

Question 4

Which of the following is always true about a single-case experimental design?

A) The first measure taken from the subject is for the purpose of establishing baseline.
B) If there is a change in the measure at baseline and right after the intervention is administered, then we can conclude that the intervention caused the change.
C) Single-case experimental designs are considered quasi-experimental designs when the researcher manipulates the independent variable.
D) Single-case experimental designs cannot be repeated in more than one subject.

Question 5

Which of the following is most dissimilar to an ABAB design?

A) A within-subjects experimental design with more than one participant.
B) A reversal design
C) An ABABA design
D) A case study

Question 6

In the ABAB design, the "B" refers to:

A) a measure assumed to reflect the effects of the intervention.
B) a measure assumed to reflect baseline conditions.
C) a measure assumed to reflect all levels of the independent variable.
D) a measure assumed to reflect the largest change in the dependent variable.

Question 7

Which of the following designs has the highest internal validity out of all the rest?

A) ABA design
B) ABAB design
C) Quasi-experimental design
D) Multiple baseline design

Question 8

Which of the following is an advantage of the ABAB design?

A) Increases the ability to rule out time as a confounding variable
B) Increases the generalizability of findings
C) Increases order effects in the experiment
D) Increases the ability to rule out normal variability as an explanation for effects

Question 9

The multiple baseline approach…

A) varies the amount of time between each intervention and baseline measure.
B) is also known as the ABAB design.
C) increases the ability of researchers to generalize their findings.
D) Requires researchers to measure the subject's baseline at least three times.

Question 10

In a single-case experimental design, multiple exposures to the intervention could affect the responses of the subject. This is similar to ______________ of within-group designs.

A) accounting for individual differences
B) generalizability limitations
C) the carryover effect
D) the Hawthorne effect

Question 11

In Fred's study, there are three levels of only one independent variable that also happens to be a participant variable. His study is:

A) a quasi-experimental design.
B) a higher order factorial design.
C) a single-case experimental design.
D) a two by two factorial design.

Question 12

Which of the following allows researchers to examine the effect of multiple independent variables simultaneously?

A) Quasi-experimental design
B) Case study
C) Reversal design
D) Factorial design

Question 13

Using a factorial design can increase the ________________________ of a study as compared to isolating the effect of a single independent variable in simpler experimental designs.

A) external validity
B) experimenter bias
C) reliability
D) order effects

Question 14

In a 3 x 4 factorial design, what does "4" refer to?

A) The number of conditions in the whole study
B) The number of independent variables in the study
C) The number of main effects in the study
D) The number of levels of the second independent variable

Question 15

In a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial design, how many conditions are there in the entire study?

A) 3
B) 7
C) 12
D) 2

Question 16

How many potential main effects are there in a 3 x 4 factorial design?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 12

Question 17

Which of the following statements is not true?

A) In a 2 x 2 between-subjects factorial design, there are two potential main effects.
B) In a 2 x 2 x 2 between-subjects factorial design, there is one potential three-way interaction.
C) In a 3 x 2 mixed-subjects factorial design, one potential main effect is within-subjects.
D) In a 2 x 2 x 2 mixed-subjects factorial design, there are four two-way interactions.

Question 18

In a 2 x 2 factorial design, when a main effect is significant…

A) the other main effect should also be significant.
B) the other main effect need not be significant.
C) the interaction should be significant only if the other main effect is also significant.
D) the interaction should not be significant if the other main effect is significant.

Question 19

Which of the following is a most likely to be a drawback of a 2 x 3 x 4 x 5 factorial design?

A) The four-way interaction effect will be challenging to interpret.
B) Researchers will not be able to fully manipulate all the independent variables.
C) While the main effects might be significant, it is unlikely for any interaction to be significant.
D) Higher-level factorial designs have less generalizability than simpler experimental designs.

Question 20

Jaime is running a study comparing the performances on monolinguals and bilinguals on memories for pictures. This study uses a _________________________ and is a _______________________.

A) participant variable; between-subjects design
B) participant variable; within-subjects design
C) experimenter independent variable; between-subjects design
D) experimenter independent variable; within-subjects design

Question 21

While higher-order factorial designs allow the researcher to take more variables into consideration, a drawback is that the _________________ of some __________________ might be challenging to interpret.

A) simplicity; main effects
B) simplicity; interactions
C) complexity; main effects
D) complexity; interactions

Question 22

What pattern of results does the graph below present of a 2 x 2 factorial design?

A) No main effect and no interaction
B) Main effects present but no interaction
C) Interaction present but no main effects
D) One main effect and interaction present

Question 23

A single-case experimental design uses the same methodology as a case study design.

Question 24

A single-case experimental design is able to establish causality.

Question 25

Single-case experimental designs often produce findings that are as generalizable as other more common forms of experimental design.

Question 26

In an ABA design, the letter A refers to a baseline measure.

Question 27

Another name for the ABA design is a "reversal design", where the second step "B" involves measuring the dependent variable at baseline.

Question 28

A quasi-experimental design is better at establishing causality than a fully experimental design.

Question 29

Some quasi-experiment designs can also be known as correlational designs.

Question 30

A two by two by three factorial design would have twelve possible conditions in total.

Question 31

In a 2 by 3 design, there are two possible main effects.

Question 32

In a two by four design, there are six possible main effects.

Question 33

A factorial design with three independent variables has three possible interactions in total.

Question 34

When two main effects are significant, an interaction must be significant too.

Question 35

The main effects in a factorial design are not significant if the interaction between them is not significant too.

Question 36

If a researcher were interested in studying how two independent variables work together to influence a dependent variable, the best design to use would be a higher order factorial design.

Question 37

A drawback of a higher order factorial design is that some interaction effects obtained could be difficult to interpret.

Question 38

Describe what a single-case experimental design involves. Describe an advantage and a disadvantage of this method.

Question 39

Explain what is meant by the ABA design.

Question 40

State what differentiates quasi-experimental designs from experimental designs. Describe an advantage and a disadvantage of quasi-experimental designs over experimental designs.

Question 41

Explain what is meant by a 2 by 3 within-subjects design.

Question 42

What is meant by a 2 by 2 mixed design? Describe an advantage of a mixed design over a between-subjects design.