Question 1

As a self-conscious formal discipline, psychology is&#10;A) about 300 years old.&#10;B) little more than 100 years old.&#10;C) only 50 years old.&#10;D) almost 500 years old.

Accepted Answer

Psychology as a formal discipline is little more than 100 years old, with the establishment of the first psychology laboratory in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt. While psychology has ancient roots in philosophy and medicine, it only became a separate scientific discipline with its own methods, theories, and institutions in the late 19th century.

Question 2

Each of the following is a reason to study history EXCEPT&#10;A) History encourages a narrow perspective.&#10;B) History teaches a healthy skepticism.&#10;C) History teaches humility.&#10;D) History is a key to understanding the future.

Accepted Answer

History actually encourages a broad perspective by examining multiple viewpoints and contexts, rather than a narrow one.

Question 3

In a broad and philosophical sense, the term historiography refers to&#10;A) philosophical questions about history.&#10;B) philosophical questions about historical methodology.&#10;C) characteristics of a body of historical writings.&#10;D) all of the above.

Accepted Answer

Historiography encompasses all of the above. It includes not only the philosophical questions about history and historical methodology, but also the characteristics and analysis of a wide range of historical writings.

Question 4

According to the text, history has an empirical component. The empirical component includes&#10;A) attempts by historians to make sense of the data they collect.&#10;B) only those rare instances when historians conduct experiments.&#10;C) explanations offered by historians.&#10;D) data such as unpublished letters, diaries, etc.

Accepted Answer

The empirical component of history includes data such as unpublished letters, diaries, etc.

Question 5

According to the text, history has an explanatory component. The explanatory component includes&#10;A) attempts by historians to make sense of the data they collect.&#10;B) attempts by historians to define history.&#10;C) chronological records.&#10;D) data such as unpublished letters, newspaper accounts, etc.

Accepted Answer

The text states that history has an explanatory component, which involves historians attempting to make sense of the data they collect.

Question 6

There are many definitions of history. The definition preferred by the authors of your text is that history is&#10;A) the interpretive study of the events of the human past.&#10;B) the chronology of the events that provide the raw material for the historian.&#10;C) the scientific study of the past.&#10;D) all of the above.

Accepted Answer

The preferred definition of history according to the authors of the text is that it is the interpretive study of the events of the human past. While history does involve the chronology of events and some scientific study, these are not the defining characteristics of history. Rather, it is the interpretation of those events and their significance that distinguishes history as a separate field of study.

Question 7

The kind of objectivity that we might reasonably expect of historical writing is that objectivity characterized by&#10;A) correspondence between a historical narrative and the events of the past.&#10;B) an honest attempt to present all sides of an issue.&#10;C) an attempt to simply chronicle the events of the past.&#10;D) the attempt to leave all feeling out of the historical narrative.

Accepted Answer

While it is impossible to achieve complete objectivity in historical writing, an honest attempt to present all sides of an issue is the kind of objectivity that is most reasonable to expect. This approach allows for a more comprehensive understanding of history that takes into account different perspectives and sources of information. Choices A and C may be too simplistic or limited in their approach, while choice D may be unrealistic and may not allow for a full appreciation of the complexity and nuance of historical events.

Question 8

The term presentism, as used in the text, refers to&#10;A) the correspondence between a historical narrative and the events of the past that it describes.&#10;B) the difficulties of separating historical facts from present perspectives.&#10;C) the attempt to understand the past for its own sake.&#10;D) the belief that past traditions and values are always superior to present values.

Accepted Answer

Presentism refers to the difficulties of separating historical facts from present perspectives. It involves interpreting the past through present-day values and beliefs, which can lead to anachronistic judgments and misunderstandings.

Question 9

It is almost impossible to separate historical facts from current interests and values. Such a contention is most
Consistent with

A) presentism.
B) historicism.
C) the chaos hypothesis.
D) the cyclical hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

Presentism is the belief that current values and concerns should be used to interpret and evaluate historical events and figures, rather than viewing them through the lens of their own time. Therefore, this contention suggests that it is challenging to separate historical facts from current interests and values, indicating a presentist perspective.

Question 10

An individual who believes that the human situation is continually improving over time and generations
Accepts

A) the linear-progressive hypothesis.
B) the chaos hypothesis.
C) the linear-regressive.
D) the cyclical hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

The individual who believes in continual improvement of the human situation over time and generations accepts the linear-progressive hypothesis. This hypothesis posits that with each new generation, humanity is making progress towards a better future.

Question 11

The belief that history has no identifiable or universal meaning is&#10;A) the linear-progressive hypothesis.&#10;B) the chaos hypothesis.&#10;C) the linear-regressive.&#10;D) the cyclical hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The belief that history has no identifiable...

Question 12

The German term Zeitgeist is relevant to the problem of causality in history. The term refers to&#10;A) the spirit of the time.&#10;B) the spirit of the place.&#10;C) the causal role of persons in history.&#10;D) the importance of emphasizing biographical studies in history.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The German term Zeitgeist is relevant to...

Question 13

The German term Ortgeist is relevant to the problem of causality in history. The term refers to&#10;A) the spirit of the time.&#10;B) the spirit of the place.&#10;C) the causal role of persons in history.&#10;D) the importance of emphasizing biographical studies in history.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The German term Ortgeist is relevant to...

Question 14

When considering the forces that shape history, one must be cautious to avoid hagiography, the&#10;A) tendency to attribute historical change to only impersonal forces&#10;B) tendency to give individuals excessive credit for historical developments&#10;C) tendency to ignore the interplay between individuals and context&#10;D) tendency to emphasize an internalist perspective

Accepted Answer

The answer of When considering the forces that shape history,...

Question 15

Internalist or old histories of psychology emphasized&#10;A) the social-cultural context in which a discipline develops.&#10;B) the cumulative knowledge of the network of historical experts in a given area of history.&#10;C) the development of ideas within a discipline with little discussion of the larger context.&#10;D) the socially acceptable historiographic biases that prevail at a given time.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Internalist or old histories of psychology emphasized&#10;A)...

Deck 1: Critical Issues in Historical Studies