Deck 6: Long-Term Memory

Question 1

Ebbinghaus suggested that memory loss over time was caused by

A) retrieval inhibition
B) low feature overlap
C) decay and interference
D) decay and disuse

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The inhibitory account of RIF is supported by

A) the occurrence of RIF with independent cues
B) the occurrence of RIF with dependent cues experiments
C) the occurrence of RIF in exam revision experiments
D) the occurrence of RIF in eyewitness testimony experiments

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Law et al. (2012) found that

A) highly anxious individuals show increased RIF
B) highly anxious individuals show reduced RIF
C) depressed individuals show increased RIF
D) RIF does not vary with depression or anxiety level

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The reconsolidation effect refers to the finding that

A) activating a memory makes it harder to retrieve for a long time afterwards
B) activating a memory makes it harder to retrieve for a short time afterwards
C) activating a memory reduces its vulnerability to change
D) activating a memory increases its vulnerability to change

Question 5

The cognitive interview makes use of

A) the misinformation effect
B) the reconsolidation effect
C) context reinstatement
D) the reminiscence bump

Question 6

What are some of the unexpected characteristics/functions of memory?

Question 7

Provide a description/schematic of the Long-Term Memory model, as discussed in class (include the list and description of different types of long-term memory and the brain areas associated with each)

Question 8

List and describe the factors that enhance our ability to transfer information from working memory to long-term memory and factors that hinder this process.

Question 9

Compare and contrast Elaborative and Maintenance Rehearsal.

Question 10

List and describe the factors that influence the recall/retrieval of a memory.

Question 11

What is Retrieval-Induced Forgetting?

Question 12

What is Reconsolidation? What implications does it have for eyewitness testimony?

Question 13

Retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) refers to the finding that

A) the retrieval of a memory trace weakens the strength of that trace
B) the retrieval of a memory trace increases the strength of that trace
C) the retrieval of a memory trace suppresses the retrieval of rival traces
D) the retrieval of a memory trace strengthens the retrieval of rival traces

Question 14

The finding that learning is more effective when it involves retrieval tests is called

A) the retrieval effect
B) the trace retrieval effect
C) the retest effect
D) the testing effect

Question 15

Bartlett's 'The War of the Ghosts' experiment demonstrated the occurrence of

A) distortion
B) confabulation
C) feature overlap
D) flashbulb memory

Question 16

Craik & Lockhart (1972) suggested that successful retrieval of a memory depends on

A) the number of schemas available
B) the use of mnemonic techniques
C) the length of time for which the input was processed during encoding
D) the depth to which the input has been processed during encoding

Question 17

Orienting tasks are used to control

A) the total time spent on processing the input
B) the type of processing applied to the input
C) the interference suffered by the input
D) the decay suffered by the input

Question 18

Elaborative encoding improves retrieval performance because

A) it increases athe level of acoustic processing
B) it increases the level of structural processing
C) it increases the number of associative connections with previous memory traces
D) it increases the length of time for which the input is processed

Question 19

Generate and recognise' theory argues that

A) recall is a component of recognition
B) recognition is a component of recall
C) recognition and recall are independent processes
D) recognition and recall are the same process

Question 20

Tulving's theory that retrieval depends on the feature match between input and output is called

A) the semantic encoding theory
B) the elaborative encoding theory
C) the retrieval specificity principle
D) the encoding specificity principle

Question 21

Godden and Baddeley (1975) showed that divers achieved the best retrieval in

A) the wet/dry condition
B) the dry/wet condition
C) the dry/dry condition
D) the wet/wet condition

Question 22

The 'Proust biscuit phenomenon suggests that

A) contextual cues can activate long-forgotten memories in an involuntary way
B) contextual cues can activate long-forgotten memories in a voluntary way
C) contextual cues can inhibit long-forgotten memories
D) contextual cues can activate very recent memories

Question 23

The ability to consciously re-experience a previously experienced event is known as

A) implicit memory
B) explicit memory
C) semantic memory
D) episodic memory

Question 24

The 'butcher on the bus' phenomenon provides support for

A) Tulving's distinction between episodic and semantic memory
B) Mandler's distinction between familiarity and recollection
C) Craik and Lockhart's distinction between acoustic and semantic processing
D) Baddeley and Hitch's distinction between working memory and storage memory

Question 25

Implicit memory refers to

A) memories for which the individual has no conscious awareness
B) memories for which the individual has high conscious awareness
C) memories which are impossible to retrieve
D) memories which can be deliberately retrieved

Question 26

Tulving et al. (1982) showed that

A) explicit memories are unaffected by processing depth
B) explicit memories are unaffected by divided attention
C) implicit memories tend to be very long-lasting
D) implicit memories tend to fade away very quickly

Question 27

Conversational plagiarism' is thought to be caused by

A) the activation of an explicit memory
B) the activation of an implicit memory
C) the flashbulb memory phenomenon
D) the 'Proust biscuit' phenomenon

Question 28

What are some characteristics of the "Cognitive Interview"?