Deck 5: Short-Term Memory

Question 1

William James distinguished primary from secondary memory on the basis that

A) the contents of secondary memory are held in conscious awareness
B) the contents of primary memory are held in conscious awareness
C) primary memory holds only meaningless items
D) secondary memory holds only meaningless items

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Neath and Nairne (1995) argue that the WM theory is invalid because the data supporting it

A) can be explained by a single-store feature model
B) can be explained by a controlled attention model
C) does not involve dual-task studies
D) is derived entirely from brain imaging

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Brockmole and Logie (2013) reported that WM scores tend to reach a peak at the age of

A) 10 years
B) 15 years
C) 20 years
D) 30 years

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Brain imaging studies show that central executive functions involve activation of

A) prefrontal cortex and temporal cortex
B) temporal cortex and parietal cortex
C) parietal cortex and occipital cortex
D) prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex

Question 5

fMRI imaging studies carried out by Oztekin et al. (2010) suggest that

A) retrieval from WM and storage memory (SM) involve similar temporal lobe activation patterns
B) retrieval from WM and SM involve different temporal lobe activation patterns
C) encoding into WM and SM involve similar temporal lobe activation patterns
D) encoding into WM and SM involve different temporal lobe activation patterns

Question 6

Describe the Dual-Store Model of memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968)

Question 7

Describe Primacy and Recency Effect.

Question 8

How many items can be held in short-term memory? What strategy allows one to increase this number?

Question 9

Define Working Memory.

Question 10

List and define the component parts of Working Memory.

Question 11

List and define the components of the Phonological Loop and Visuo-spatial Sketchpad.

Question 12

List and define the 3 main functions of the Central Executive.

Question 13

How does measuring individual differences in working memory performance help us predict cognitive abilities, ability to control one's diet, weight, likelihood of committing an act of infidelity, and propensity for expressing racial prejudice?

Question 14

Miyake and Friedman (2012) report that measures of central executive performance

A) predict choice of career
B) predict control of diet and weight
C) are inconsistent over time
D) cannot predict future behaviours

Question 15

Kane and Engle (2002) found that performance on complex STM span tasks

A) predicts happiness later in life
B) predicts social success later in life
C) predicts language comprehension scores and academic performance
D) cannot predict later cognitive performance

Question 16

Controlled attention theory (Cowan 2005) proposes that

A) working memory consists of the temporary activation of a part of the storage memory
B) storage memory consists of the prolonged activation of the working memory
C) working memory is completely unrelated to storage memory
D) working memory occupies a fixed location in the brain

Question 17

According to Glanzer and Cunitz (1966), the recency effect disappears when

A) meaningless test items are used
B) meaningful test items are used
C) a filled time interval is introduced
D) an unfilled time interval is introduced

Question 18

Studies of organic amnesics such as CW have suggested that

A) without rehearsal STM lasts for about 1 second
B) without rehearsal STM lasts for about 7 seconds
C) without rehearsal STM lasts for about 60 seconds
D) without rehearsal STM lasts for about 10 minutes

Question 19

Cowan (2010) used the running memory task to suggest that the STM has a storage capacity of

A) 4 items
B) 7 items
C) 10 items
D) 16 items

Question 20

Baddeley and Hitch (1974) proposed the working memory (WM) to replace the previous concept of

A) the storage memory
B) the unconscious memory
C) the long-term memory
D) the short-term memory

Question 21

The working memory model (Baddeley and Hitch 1974) proposed three main components to WM

A) phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, rehearsal buffer
B) phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, mental lexicon
C) central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad
D) phonological loop, central executive, mental lexicon

Question 22

Baddeley and Lewis (1981) found that articulatory suppression

A) disrupts the immediate recall of spoken words
B) disrupts the immediate recall of visually presented shapes
C) disrupts the immediate recall of faces
D) has no effect on immediate recall

Question 23

Bellugi et al. (1994) reported that individuals with Williams Syndrome show

A) impaired verbal processing with normal visuo-spatial processing
B) impaired visuo-spatial processing with normal verbal processing
C) impaired visuo-spatial processing and impaired verbal processing
D) impaired executive function and normal visuo-spatial processing

Question 24

Baddeley (1986) proposed that the phonological loop has two components, which are

A) phonological store and articulatory control process
B) phonological store and inner scribe
C) articulatory control process and inner scribe
D) inner scribe and visual cache

Question 25

Logie (1995) proposed that the visuo-spatial sketchpad has two components, which are

A) phonological store and articulatory control process
B) phonological store and inner scribe
C) articulatory control process and inner scribe
D) inner scribe and visual cache

Question 26

Miyake et al. (2000) identified three main functions of the central executive

A) inhibition, shifting, consolidating
B) shifting, updating, reinstating
C) inhibition, shifting, updating
D) updating, inhibition, checking

Question 27

Impaired executive function has been reported in individuals with

A) frontal lobe lesions
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) autism
D) all of the above (i.e. a + b + c)

Question 28

Baddeley (2000) postulated the existence of the episodic buffer to explain

A) the word length effect
B) the recency effect
C) the integration of information from different modalities
D) the integration of information from different time periods

Question 29

Describe the Primacy and Recency Effect and explain why they occur (in the context of the dual-store model of memory)