Deck 13: The Rise of Applied Psychology 1892-1939

Question 1

In 1892 the preamble to the American Psychological Association (APA) stated its mission was to "advance psychology as a science". When re-organized in 1945 APA's mission was ______?

A) to no longer advance psychology as a science but instead focus solely on intelligence testing and education.
B) to return psychology to the traditions of the Scottish commonsense psychologists that it was originally founded upon.
C) to advance psychology as a science, a profession and to promote human welfare.
D) none of these, the APA disbanded in 1945.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Before the 1890s the U.S. could be described as ___________, by 1920 the U.S had become _________.

A) a single nation state, fractured into thousands of regional island communities.
B) island communities, a nation state with a more common culture.
C) a nation of illegal immigrants, a country closed to immigrants and having protected boarders.
D) none of these.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In what way did improved transportation for both people and goods transform the American experience by the early 1900s?

A) it increased the countries love of capitalism and free trade
B) for the first time it created attitudes toward pollution and the environment.
C) it helped homogenize it into a more shared national
Experience.
D) all of these

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In Box 13.1 on "Psychology and Progressivism," the author argues that Transcendent meaning has been debunked, and society has become the enemy. It appears that in recent times psychologists will help create, create what?

A) a utopian society
B) a society that misunderstands them and has little use for their services.
C) a new way of life based on the self and its needs.
D) a society based on commonsense and traditional moral values.

Question 5

The social and political movement of Progressivism valued which of the following:

A) old time traditions and values
B) a feel good anything goes attitude
C) greedy, opportunistic self-interested politicians
D) none of these

Question 6

The social and political movement of Progressivism valued which of the following:

A) reform
B) progress
C) efficiency
D) all of these

Question 7

Leaders of the Progressive movement found behaviorism attractive because:

A) Progressives and behaviorists shared the belief that mind was a mythical concept
B) Behaviorism was the first distinctive American psychology, as opposed to German introspective psychology or psychoanalysis
C) Of Watson's strong support for Progressive eugenics programs
D) Behaviorism promised to provide scientific means of social control

Question 8

When it comes to a vision for both Psychology and the Progressive movement in the U.S. which of the following drew a blue-print for the twentieth century American mind?

A) Dewey
B) Witmer
C) Yerkes
D) Mead

Question 9

In John Dewey's view, individuals acquire their personality and thoughts from _______.

A) genetics, as personality is largely inherited.
B) childhood, as each individual interacts one on one with an adult parent or caretaker.
C) society
D) the Transcendental Self

Question 10

In contrast to Galton's approach to testing intelligence, Binet focused more on:

A) sensory-motor and perceptual skills
B) higher mental functions and cognitive skills
C) moral reasoning and decision making
D) less practical and less applied mental abilities.

Question 11

American psychologist preferred Binet's intelligence test over Galton's because:

A) Binet's test took less time to administer and score than did Galton's test
B) Binet's test was based on the traditional Scottish moral values.
C) Binet's test was cheaper and professional psychologists made greater profit.
D) Binet's test met the practical and applied needs of American professional psychologists.

Question 12

Helen Keller was blind and deaf but grew up to be an intelligent, educated and successful adult. Applying Galton's approach to intelligence testing, an adult Helen Keller would most likely be classified as ________while Binet's test would most likely rate her as ________.

A) subnormal in intelligence, also being subnormal
B) as above average, average
C) un-testable, subnormal
D) subnormal in intelligence, average or above average

Question 13

The American psychometrician Lewis Terman argued that an important use of intelligence testing was to identify and socially control people at the low and high ends of general intelligence. The reason being:

A) Genius needed to be identified so schools could put their resources toward more needy and lower level students.
B) Genius needed to be identified and nurtured for the benefit of society.
C) The feeble-minded could be nurtured and educated into the highest levels of intelligence if resources were applied.
D) all of these.

Question 14

The statement, "Not all criminals are feeble-minded, but all feeble minded are at least potential criminals", was most likely said by the American advocate for intelligence testing _____?

A) William James
B) Hugo Münsterberg
C) Alfred Binet
D) Lewis Terman

Question 15

The cornerstone of early applied psychology in the U.S. was ______ and it is still important today.

A) research into the industrial production of factory workers.
B) phrenology
C) mental testing
D) operant and classical conditioning

Question 16

One of the goals of Münsterberg's work titled, Psychology and Industrial Efficiency was to find______.

A) how to produce the best possible work
B) how to produce happy and kind workers
C) how to produce mentally healthy workers
D) how to educate workers to be the highly intelligent using Galton's approach to testing.

Question 17

One of the goals of Münsterberg's work titled, Psychology and Industrial Efficiency was to find______.

A) how to find the best possible person for the job
B) how to produce happy and kind workers
C) how to produce mentally healthy workers
D) how to educate workers to be the highly intelligent using Galton's approach to testing.

Question 18

For the most part, clinical and thus professional psychology was founded by:

A) William James
B) Alfred Binet
C) Thomas Leahey
D) Lightner Witmer

Question 19

The term "clinical psychology" was coined by Witmer to define a _______ and not a _______.

A) broad method of mental testing, physical location
B) physical location, a broad method of mental testing
C) statistical procedure, broad method of mental testing
D) psychological disorder common at the time, physical location

Question 20

Which of the following best represents Walter Dill Scotts contribution to the WWI war effort?

A) developed scientifically supported interrogation techniques to extract
Information from captured enemy soldiers.
B) helped developed an unbreakable code for the day to aid military communications.
C) helped develop intelligence tests that could be given in large groups in brief periods of time.
D) helped develop rating scales for officer selection.

Question 21

Which of the following best represents Robert Yerkes contribution to the WWI war effort?

A) developed scientifically supported interrogation techniques to extract information from captured enemy soldiers.
B) helped developed an unbreakable code for the day to aid military communications.
C) helped develop intelligence tests that could be given in large groups in brief periods of time.
D) helped develop rating scales for officer selection.

Question 22

The results of the Army intelligence tests seemed to show that:

A) the drafted recruits had normal, i.e. IQ=100, intelligence
B) the IQ's of women recruits were higher than men's
C) almost half of the draftees were morons
D) group IQ tests should be abandoned

Question 23

Many of the Galtonian Alarmists advocated that the U.S. should:

A) sterilize the "feebleminded"
B) segregate "morons" into institutions
C) restrict immigration to specific races
D) all of these.

Question 24

The 1927 U.S. Supreme Court case of Buck vs. Bell:

A) concerned a soldier's rights to refuse to take intelligence or any other kind of test when ordered to do so.
B) concerned the state's right to sterilize the feebleminded
C) concerned the teaching of evolution in the public schools
D) concerned the desegregation of the public schools

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of positive eugenics?

A) sterilizing people with low I.Q.
B) Fitter Family contests at state fairs that educated about inheritance.
C) giving I.Q. tests to Army recruits.
D) restricting immigration from other countries.

Question 26

In the 1930's the Eugenics movement in the U.S. was dying. However, it was not criticism that finally killed the U.S. eugenics movement it was ________.

A) The economic and political writings of Karl Marx.
B) embarrassment, over the use of eugenics by Hitler's Nazis.
C) the ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court that outlawed it in all states.
D) a lack of funding, as times got difficult money for eugenics ran out.

Question 27

There were critics of the eugenics movement in the U.S. Which of the following is an example of arguments made at the time against some aspect of eugenics (e.g. sterilization etc)?

A) 90% of "subnormal" children are born to normal parents thus diminishing any effect of sterilization.
B) Carrie Buck's child from the Supreme court case of Buck vs. Bell was found to later be normal and bright.
C) all of these
D) none of these

Question 28

The famous Hawthorne Effect findings were reanalyzed and it was concluded:

A) the effect is a myth.
B) the improved productivity was most likely the result of replacing a non-productive disgruntled worker with a more productive one.
C) there is evidence workers regarded the researchers as company spies.
D) all of these

Question 29

John B. Watson advocated treating children:

A) brutally behavioristic and like little adults.
B) with much love, kisses, and spoiled affection
C) in no particular manner, nature will take its course.
D) as if they were rats

Question 30

The author of the text points out that in the early decades of the 1900s Popular psychology simultaneously accomplished two apparently contradictory things. One was to provide a sense of sexual liberation from the outdated past religious morality and the second was _______________.

A) a hands off attitude that suggested no controls on individual behavior or society.
B) it suggested children should not be controlled or restricted, instead that should mature naturally.
C) it provided new and supposedly scientific techniques for social control
D) none of these

Question 31

In the early decades of the 1900s, Popular psychology simultaneously accomplished two apparently contradictory things. The two things were:

A) provide a sense of sexual liberation from the outdated past religious morality
B) provided new and supposedly scientific techniques for social control
C) both of these
D) none of these

Question 32

According to social scientists in the 1920s, the American family (including the Flaming Youth) was in trouble because:

A) the family had lost its economic basis
B) adolescent rebellion was natural
C) it had lost its psychotherapeutic function
D) the frontier had closed

Question 33

Progressives believed that the crisis of the "Flaming Youth" was a symptom of a deeper social crisis. To address the crisis social scientists argued:

A) Dads would need to become the sole economic supporters and family breadwinners.
B) Through expert training and education Motherhood must become "Mothercraft".
C) returning to past religious morals, and values therefore strengthening Motherhood.
D) that social scientists should remain neutral as it was a passing fad.

Question 34

According to social scientists in the 1920s, the traditional American family role has been as an economic unit but this role in industrialized and urban America no longer existed. Social scientists had to provide a new function for the family and this turned out to be:

A) making large sums of money.
B) community service and volunteerism.
C) producing emotional adjustment to modern life.
D) all of these

Question 35

Although psychology sometimes seemed to be a value-free science like other sciences, psychologists in the 1920 reconstructed the American family and taught that ________ was an important value.

A) self adjustment
B) independence
C) progressivism
D) making money

Question 36

Margaret Mead's Coming of Age in Samoa purported to show that:

A) youthful rebellion was not a universal experience
B) all teenagers revolt against their parents
C) all cultures display the Oedipus complex
D) Samoan culture was more sexually repressive than American

Question 37

Although Margaret Mead's research on Coming of Age in Samoa was flawed anthropology, at the time it promised to:

A) resolve the nature-nurture debate of the 1920's against eugenicists
B) create a role for psychologists to manipulate and shape human nature
C) allow social scientists to dream of a new Western civilization that was less neurotic and more well-adjusted (e.g. harmonious, emotionally and sexually open).
D) all of these

Question 38

Great changes occurred in the United States from the 1890s to early 1900s. Describe some of these changes and how they influenced how the United States went from a country of "island communities to a nation-state". Explain the effects of Progressivism both on psychology and on society.

Question 39

The Progressivism movement in the U.S. valued reform, efficiency and progress. Describe how these values were applied to education and government.

Question 40

Compare and contrast Galton's and Binet's ideas about the nature of intelligence. Be sure to not points on which they agreed and on which they disagreed.

Question 41

Compared to Wundt's psychology, American Psychologists offered a science with pragmatic "cash value". Explain this statement by describing how the psychology of Functionalism and the Progressive movement in the U.S. influenced the rise of applied psychology.

Question 42

Describe the contributions Wilter Dill Scott and Robert Yerkes made to organizing psychology to service the nation in World War I.

Question 43

Describe how the Army Alpha and Beta tests led to the "menace of the feebleminded"? Explain how the Galtonian alarmists answered the question, "Is America Safe for Democracy" and describe the techniques they advocated to keep it safe.

Question 44

How was Progressivism applied to business? The Hawthorne Effect is one of the best know psychological findings in the world, yet it has been found to be a myth, explain?

Question 45

The young people of the 1920s were the first generation in the U.S. to be raised in urban, industrial, everywhere communities. What influence did psychology, including popular psychology play have on this generation?
Describe the "Flaming Youth" generation of the 1920s and explain why and how social scientists attempted to reorganize/reconstruct the "modern" family.

Question 46

Although based on flawed anthropology how did Margaret Mead's work in Samoa appear to apply to the nature/nurture debate? Was she right?