Question 1

What is the correct order for these stages of the research process?&#10;A) Develop a hypothesis, collect the data, analyse the data, apply for ethical approval&#10;B) Develop a hypothesis, apply for ethical approval, analyse the data, collect the data&#10;C) Develop a hypothesis, apply for ethical approval, collect the data, analyse the data&#10;D) Apply for ethical approval, collect the data, analyse the data, develop a hypothesis,

Accepted Answer

Developing a hypothesis is the first stage of the research process. Applying for ethical approval is necessary before collecting any data to ensure that the study follows ethical standards. Collecting the data should be done after ethical approval has been granted. The final stage is analyzing the data to determine if the hypothesis is supported or not.

Question 2

What is a replication study?&#10;A) A study that uses a very different sample to previous research&#10;B) A study that addresses the same research question as previous research, but using different methods and design&#10;C) A study that aims to find results that are different to the previous research&#10;D) A study that aims to exactly reproduce the design of a previous piece of research

Accepted Answer

A replication study aims to exactly reproduce the design of a previous piece of research to verify its findings.

Question 3

A theory is&#8230;&#10;A) The predicted outcome of a research study&#10;B) A general model to explain behaviour&#10;C) The findings from a statistical analysis&#10;D) Possible stimuli to be used in an experiment

Accepted Answer

A theory is a general model or framework that attempts to explain a phenomenon or behaviour. It is a broad explanation that can be supported by multiple research studies and observations. A theory is not the prediction of a single research study, nor is it the specific findings from a statistical analysis or a list of possible stimuli to use in an experiment.

Question 4

A hypothesis is&#8230;&#10;A) The predicted outcome of a research study&#10;B) The findings from a statistical analysis&#10;C) Possible stimuli to be used in an experiment&#10;D) A general model to explain behaviour

Accepted Answer

A hypothesis is a prediction or an educated guess about what will happen in a research study. It is not the findings from a statistical analysis, possible stimuli, or a general model to explain behavior.

Question 5

Which of the following is a null hypothesis?&#10;A) There will be no difference in memory between patients with dementia and control participants who do not have dementia&#10;B) Control participants who do not have dementia will have better memory scores than patients with dementia&#10;C) Patients with dementia will have better memory scores than control participants who do not have dementia&#10;D) There will be a difference in memory between patients with dementia and control participants who do not have dementia

Accepted Answer

The null hypothesis should predict no differences or effects.

Question 6

Which of the following is a two tailed hypothesis?&#10;A) There will be no difference in memory between patients with dementia and control participants who do not have dementia&#10;B) Control participants who do not have dementia will have better memory scores than patients with dementia&#10;C) Patients with dementia will have better memory scores than control participants who do not have dementia&#10;D) There will be a difference in memory between patients with dementia and control participants who do not have dementia

Accepted Answer

A two tailed hypothesis will predict that an effect will be found, but without specifying the direction of that effect, such as which group gains higher scores.

Question 7

You should use a one tailed hypothesis if&#8230;&#10;A) You are conducting research in on a very new topic&#10;B) If you predict no significant effects will be found&#10;C) There is lots of previous research showing directional effects that can be used to justify your hypothesis&#10;D) The previous research has had very contradictory findings

Accepted Answer

A one tailed hypothesis should always be based on the consistent findings of previous research.

Question 8

When is informed consent not needed?&#10;A) When observing people in a situation that they would expect to be observed&#10;B) When testing children under the age of 16 years old&#10;C) When conducting research on the internet&#10;D) When students have to take part in research as a part of their course

Accepted Answer

Informed consent is not needed when observing people in a situation that they would expect to be observed, such as in a public place or during a public event. However, in all other situations, obtaining informed consent from participants is necessary in order to protect their rights and ensure ethical research practices.

Question 9

Which of the following pieces of information does not need to be included in a Participant Information Sheet?&#10;A) An overview of what participants will be asked to do&#10;B) A warning about any possible risks associated with participation&#10;C) Information about the right to withdraw from the study&#10;D) The expected findings

Accepted Answer

The expected findings do not need to be included in a Participant Information Sheet. The purpose of the sheet is to inform participants of all necessary information related to the study such as the procedures involved, any risks or benefits, and their rights as a participant. However, expected findings are not essential information that participants need to know in order to make an informed decision about whether to participate in the study or not.

Question 10

A researcher wants to conduct a study conducting interviews with children who have been subjected to extreme levels of bullying to ask them about their experiences. Which of the following ethical considerations is not likely to be of concern?

A) Confidentiality
B) Active deception
C) Informed consent
D) Risk of harm

Accepted Answer

Active deception (when a researcher actively misleads participants) is not likely to be a concern in a study interviewing children about their experiences with bullying. However, all the other ethical considerations listed, confidentiality, informed consent, and risk of harm, are important factors that need to be carefully considered and addressed in this type of study.

Deck 1: An Overview of How to Do Research