Deck 19: Interpersonal, Group, and Intergroup Processes

Question 1

__________ is the desire and tendency to spend time with others.

A) Friendship
B) Affiliation
C) Affection
D) Attraction

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Interpersonal relations include:

A) romantic relationships
B) friendship
C) interpersonal attraction
D) all of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

We tend to become friends with people whom we perceive to be __________.

A) similar to us
B) complementary to us
C) different from us
D) dependent on us

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Evolutionary psychologists have argued that humans are attracted to similar others because they share similar:

A) facial traits
B) social backgrounds
C) genes
D) habits

Question 5

A social psychological explanation for why similarity breeds liking is a desire for ___________. People prefer those who agree, rather than disagree, with their point of view. In fact, when someone agrees with our perceptions, our point of view is reinforced, which leads to greater liking.

A) social approval
B) affiliation
C) social exchange
D) social comparison

Question 6

A study by Festinger, Schachter, and Back (1950) found that students were more likely to be friends with those who they encountered more frequently. This study showed that people tend to form friendships on the basis of:

A) attraction
B) familiarity
C) rational choices
D) similarity

Question 7

According to Festinger, Schachter, and Back (1950), it is more likely that we will become friends with:

A) a work colleague working in the same office
B) someone doing our same job but in a different company
C) a work colleague working on a different floor
D) someone doing our same job for the same company but working from abroad

Question 8

According to the _____________ hypothesis, being exposed to someone or something repeatedly increases attraction, even if no information is provided about the object or person.

Question 9

According to the ____________ explanation, we like to compare ourselves to others because it offers social validity to important aspects of our self-concept.

Question 10

According to a leading social theory, ___________, the imparting of personal information about yourself to another person, plays a crucial role in how friendships develop over time.

Question 11

Discuss the limitations of the social penetration theory in describing how friendships develop over time.

Question 12

According to what theory the disclosure of personal information to another person plays a crucial role in how friendships develop over time?

Question 13

What are the main consequences associated with social rejection and/or social exclusion?

Question 14

Seung-Hui Cho, the 23-year-old who shot dead 32 of his fellow students during the Virginia Tech massacre in 2007, left a suicide note in which he wrote 'You forced me into a corner and gave me only one option'. With reference to these words, what does seem to be the main cause of his actions?

Question 15

Apart from general social rejection, what other type of rejection accounts for half of the school shootings examined by Leary, Kowalski, Smith, and Phillips (2003)?

Question 16

People who are marginalized from desired relationships or social groups are more likely to experience depress mood and lower self-esteem.

Question 17

Empirical studies suggest that antisocial behaviour, including aggression, are a common consequence of social exclusion, but not of rejection from romantic relationships.

Question 18

According to the social penetration theory, if one individual discloses too slowly, the friendship partner could feel rejected, causing the relationship to falter. Only when individuals disclose immediately is the friendship more likely to develop and last over time.

Question 19

Social penetration theory fails to explain why some friends 'click' straight away and do not need a gradual escalation in reciprocal self-disclosure before beginning to share intimate information.

Question 20

Which of the following is a consequence of social rejection?

A) Depression
B) Aggressive behaviour
C) Low self-esteem
D) All of the above

Question 21

In their analysis of mass shootings, Leary and colleagues (2003) reported that at least _________ of the 15 incidents, the perpetrator had been subjected to a pattern of malicious bullying, ostracism, and humiliation.

A) 12
B) 10
C) 5
D) 7

Question 22

For the social penetration theory, __________ plays a crucial role in how friendships develop over time.

A) similarity
B) familiarity
C) self-disclosure
D) social inclusion

Question 23

Hackenbracht and Gasper (2013) found that people prefer to listen to __________ rather than descriptive disclosures.

A) abstract
B) emotional
C) personal
D) social

Question 24

According to your textbook, what is the main explanation behind the actions of the Virginia Tech massacre in 2007?

A) Religious beliefs
B) Unrequited love
C) Social exclusion
D) Racism

Question 25

In their analysis of mass shootings, Leary and colleagues (2003) reported that in _________ of the 15 incidents, there were no histories of social rejection.

A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 10

Question 26

___________ behaviours are a common consequence of social exclusion.

A) Altruistic
B) Social
C) Antisocial
D) None of the above

Question 27

The ___________ hypothesis can be used to explain the phenomenon by which people tend to form friendships on the basis of familiarity.

A) social penetration
B) mere exposure
C) social comparison
D) affiliation

Question 28

According to the social comparison hypothesis, people prefer those who:

A) are familiar to them.
B) share similar facial traits with them.
C) agree with their point of view.
D) share similar genes with them.

Question 29

Victims of social exclusion and rejection are more likely to display antisocial behaviour, including aggression.

Question 30

Research suggests that physical appearance in a potential romantic partner is important to both men and women to the same extent.

Question 31

One of the first things we notice when we meet someone for the first time is their physical appearance.

Question 32

Name two factors that seem to be important in making a person (especially a woman) physically attractive, according to empirical studies cited in your textbook.

Question 33

What waist-to-hip ratio should a woman have to be considered especially physically attractive according to Streeter's and McBurney's (2003) findings?

Question 34

What is the evolutionary explanation of why women with a 'hourglass' figure are considered more physically attractive?

Question 35

There are _________ differences in whether a larger or smaller size is seen as preferable. Men in Ghana have been reported to prefer ________ women compared to men in the United States.

Question 36

Body _______ and body ________ are both important factors where perceptions of women's attractiveness are concerned.

Question 37

Women with a(n) '_________' figure are considered to be especially physically attractive.

Question 38

Describe the evolutionary explanations of cultural differences in women's body size preferences and the attraction for women with a small waist-to-hip ratio.

Question 39

What is the ideal waist-to-hip ratio for a woman to be perceived especially physically attractive, according to the findings by Streeter and McBurney (2003)?

A) 0.3
B) 0.5
C) 0.7
D) 0.9

Question 40

Which of the following body shapes is rated as more physically attractive by men?

A) Hourglass shape
B) Pear shape
C) Apple shape
D) Banana shape

Question 41

Why are people with a symmetrical face perceived as more attractive?

A) They are perceived as looking more familiar.
B) They are perceived as being healthier.
C) They are perceived as being more trustworthy.
D) They are perceived as being more powerful.

Question 42

People tend to prefer __________ faces.

A) distinctive
B) unusual
C) average
D) androgynous

Question 43

Couples who are evenly matched in their____________, are more likely to be attracted to one another.

A) appearance
B) social background
C) interests
D) all of the above

Question 44

Gruber-Baldini, Schaie, and Willis (1995) found that married couples became increasingly similar over time in terms of:

A) physical appearance and mental abilities
B) physical appearance and attitudes
C) attitudes and mental abilities
D) physical appearance and emotional expression

Question 45

The mere ____________ effect may explain why people tend to prefer average faces. In fact, average faces are more ___________ to us and ____________ breeds attraction.

Question 46

According to the __________ hypothesis, we tend to prefer those who are similar in physical attraction to us as we estimate that they will have a similar opinion on us, reducing the risk of being rejected.

Question 47

Other than a preference for similar others, people are also attracted to those with characteristics that ___________ their own.

Question 48

Men are attracted to ________ women because female __________ signifies beauty, while women are attracted to _________ men because __________ is likely to be accompanied by higher social status.

Question 49

Discuss the role of looks-for-status exchange in interpersonal attraction.

Question 50

What are the two physical characteristics that make a face more attractive?

Question 51

What are the two types of love, according to your textbook?

Question 52

What is the difference between love and liking, according to Lamm and Wiesmann (1997)?

Question 53

What neurotransmitter in the brain is associated with the sense of physiological arousal typical of passionate love?

Question 54

According to most psychologists, love and liking are indistinguishable.

Question 55

People in love who are given brain scans show increased activity in the caudate nucleus area, an area associated with reward and pleasure, when they are shown photos of their partners.

Question 56

Passionate love is experienced during the early stages of a romantic relationship.

Question 57

According to the three-factor theory of love, whether or not a person falls in love does not depend on cultural aspects.

Question 58

Which of the following neurotransmitters is mostly associated with the increased physiological arousal experienced by people during early stages of passionate love?

A) Serotonin
B) GABA
C) Dopamine
D) Glutamate

Question 59

Which of the following is not a condition that must be met for love to arise according to the three-factor theory of love?

A) When thinking about or being in the presence of the potential partner, we must experience a state of physiological arousal.
B) The potential partner must come from our own similar socio-economical background and possess similar mental abilities and attitudes.
C) We must believe in the concept of love and have the expectation that we will fall in love.
D) We must meet someone who fits our expectations of what makes an appropriate partner.

Question 60

Which of the following statements about passionate love is false?

A) Passionate love is experienced during the early stages of a new relationship.
B) Passionate love is characterized by uncertainty.
C) Passionate love cannot be maintained in the long term.
D) None of the above

Question 61

Compared to passionate love, __________ is a less passionate but more enduring form of love.

A) compassionate
B) mature
C) committed
D) affectionate

Question 62

Sexual mating system is to passionate love as ___________ system is to compassionate love.

A) affiliation
B) commitment
C) raising
D) attachment

Question 63

According to the _________ theory, people keep track of what they contribute to a relationship and what their partner contributes.

A) equity
B) social comparison
C) social exchange
D) three-factor

Question 64

According to the __________ theory, people expect a fair exchange in terms of love, emotional and financial support, and doing house tasks.

A) equity
B) social comparison
C) social exchange
D) three-factor

Question 65

If a person in a relationship gives more than they receive, they will likely experience:

A) guilt
B) resentment
C) apathy
D) shame

Question 66

Discuss the three aspects that characterize intimate, and therefore satisfied, relationships according to Reis and Patrick (1996)?

Question 67

What factors, together with 'high satisfaction', have an impact on relationship commitment according to Rusbult's (1983) investment model?

Question 68

How do people in successful relationships avoid the risk that attractive alternatives may threaten the stability of their relationship?

Question 69

What are the four possible reactions of people when they are unhappy in their relationship and consider the possibility of terminating it?

Question 70

How long after a breakup do feeling of anger typically dissipate?

Question 71

Alike anger, sadness declines relatively slowly after a breakup, taking at least _________ to dissipate.

Question 72

People seem to __________ the negative impact that a breakup will have on them.

Question 73

A group is a(n) ____________ of individuals.

Question 74

Groups can be based on _________ (e.g. family), __________ (e.g. student body, work colleagues), __________ categories (e.g. gender, ethnicity), or looser associations.

Question 75

A group has more ___________ - is more 'group-like' - to the extent that members are _________ to one another, share a common __________, and are __________ with one another.

Question 76

Social facilitation refers to the tendency for people to perform better when in front of an audience.

Question 77

Social priming is the opposite of social facilitation.

Question 78

Research shows that the presence of others increases performance, irrespective of task complexity.

Question 79

To better solve complex mathematical problems, people should perform in the presence of an audience.

Question 80

Which of the following phrases best represents the concept of 'entitativity'?

A) Against the group
B) Anti-group
C) Group-like
D) Outgroup