Deck 11: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Which of the following scientists associated childhood to a period of fantasy and imagination?

A) Einstein
B) Darwin
C) Newton
D) Galileo

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Whose philosopher's idea of childhood as a time of innocence and play was similar to that of Einstein?

A) Aristotle
B) Rousseau
C) Kant
D) Freud

Answer 2

B

Question 3

According to the philosopher Rousseau, childhood is a time of innocence and:

A) ignorance
B) learning
C) play
D) light heartedness

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Imagination is:

A) useless to cognitive development
B) necessary for development
C) not fully developed in children
D) important in development but not in education

Question 5

Why is important to study development?

A) To understand how psychological processes are different across various stages of life.
B) To understand how nature and nurture interact.
C) To help people in either clinical or educational settings.
D) All of the above

Question 6

Which of the following is considered a developmental disorder?

A) Drug addiction
B) Down's syndrome
C) Autism spectrum disorder
D) Williams syndrome

Question 7

What is the most effective method for teaching reading that has also been adopted by the Department for Education?

Question 8

Which developmental scientist once said that "development itself is the key to understanding developmental disorders"?

Question 9

Autism spectrum disorder and developmental dyslexia are both examples of __________.

Question 10

Development is restricted to infancy and early childhood.

Question 11

The study of development can inform the research on developmental disorders.

Question 12

What are the two main questions that developmental psychologists try to answer?

Question 13

What is the most effective method for teaching reading according to the Department for Education?

A) The Whole-word approach
B) Phonics
C) The single-letter approach
D) The Language Experience Method

Question 14

According to Einstein, what a mother should 'give' to her child to encourage his/her cognitive development?

A) Healthy food
B) Toys
C) Books
D) Fairy tales

Question 15

Understanding development can help researchers in either ___________ or __________ settings.

Question 16

According to the scientist __________, childhood is a period of fantasy and imagination.

Question 17

Name one developmental disorder.

Question 18

Developmental dyslexia can manifest for the first time in adulthood as well as in childhood.

Question 19

Both play and imagination play a crucial role in children development.

Question 20

Which of the following traditions places a stronger emphasis on the role of nurture on development?

A) Nativism
B) Eugenics
C) Behaviourism
D) Maturationism

Question 21

Which of the following researchers belongs to the behaviourist tradition?

A) Watson
B) Gesell
C) Piaget
D) Galton

Question 22

Watson is to _________, as __________ is to __________.

A) Galton; eugenics; behaviourism
B) Galton; behaviourism; eugenics
C) eugenics; Galton; behaviourism
D) behaviourism; Galton; empiricism

Question 23

Behaviourism takes a(n) __________ perspective on development.

A) empiricist
B) nativist
C) interactionist
D) maturationist

Question 24

Which of the following positions emphasizes the role of environmental factors the most?

A) Eugenics
B) Nativism
C) Maturationism
D) Empiricism

Question 25

What theoretical position integrates the empiricist and the nativist positions by claiming that both nature and nurture influence development?

Question 26

Name the two trajectories that characterise the development of motor competency in infancy, according to Gesell and Ames.

Question 27

Cephalocaudal and proximodistal are the two trajectories that characterise the development of the central nervous system in the foetus.

Question 28

Maturationism and behaviourism are both empiricist positions on human development.

Question 29

The development of motor competency in infancy is characterised by __________ and __________ trajectories.

Question 30

The __________ direction involves the development from head to feet, while the __________ describes how body control start in the core of the body and develops towards the __________.

Question 31

Name and describe the current position that most developmental psychologists take on human development.

Question 32

Which of the following scientists is associated with the theoretical framework of constructionism?

A) Galton
B) Piaget
C) Watson
D) Gesell

Question 33

Piaget was mainly interested in:

A) how children acquire knowledge of the world around them.
B) brain development.
C) the influence of social interactions on children's development.
D) how children acquire their natural language.

Question 34

According to __________ development is a process in which infants and children form their own understanding of the world.

A) behaviourism
B) eugenics
C) constructivism
D) maturationism

Question 35

Which of the following is not a stage of development according to Piaget?

A) Concrete operations period
B) Sensorimotor period
C) Formal operations period
D) Social interaction period

Question 36

What two concepts are associated to Piaget's idea of 'active schemas'?

Question 37

What are the three stages of cognitive development according to Piaget?

Question 38

According to Piaget, children enter the concrete operations period around __________ years of age.

Question 39

When does the concrete operation period finish?

A) Around 2 years
B) Around 5 years
C) Around 11 years
D) Around 15 years

Question 40

Which of the following age periods correspond to Piaget's sensorimotor period?

A) 0-2 years
B) 0-4 years
C) 2-6 years
D) 2-11 years

Question 41

Adam is now able to think in abstract hypothetical terms. According to Piaget, Adam must be:

A) in the concrete operations period
B) older than 10 years
C) at least 15 years
D) in the sensorimotor period

Question 42

What are the two main accounts proposed by Johnson and de Haan to explain developmental changes in the brain?

Question 43

Which position on brain development claims that particular brain areas are not predesigned for specific tasks, but they become gradually differentiated in response to environmental stimulation?

Question 44

According to the ___________ account, the brain areas specialized for particular tasks develop without the need for a major input from the environment.

Question 45

Current views on brain development claim that the maturational account is too restrictive to explain the development of brain structures as certainly ___________ factors play a major role in how brain networks develop.

Question 46

The maturational account is the best approach to explain brain development.

Question 47

In a longitudinal study, comparisons are made between individuals of different ages.

Question 48

Which of the following is a famous case of longitudinal study?

A) The 2000 Longitudinal Study
B) The 2000 Cohort Study
C) The Millennium Longitudinal Study
D) The Millennium Cohort Study

Question 49

How many children is the Millennium Cohort Study studying since 2000-2001?

A) Around 900
B) Around 9,000
C) Around 19, 000
D) Around 190,000

Question 50

Which of the following types of developmental study allows some sort of intervention?

A) Longitudinal study
B) Training study
C) Cross-sectional study
D) Twin study

Question 51

Dr Smith is conducting a study on the effect of mindful sessions on the development of executive functions in a group of children between 10 and 12 years of age. Dr Smith is conducting a:

A) twin study
B) training study
C) longitudinal study
D) cross-sectional study

Question 52

If your principal research interest is to study the extent to which environmental factors and genetic variance interact to give rise to a given trait, you should use a:

A) twin study
B) training study
C) longitudinal study
D) cross-sectional study

Question 53

Which of the following psychology debates are twin studies MOST interested to address?

A) Qualitative vs quantitative developmental change
B) Nature vs nurture
C) Free will vs determinism
D) Reductionism vs holism

Question 54

According to your textbook, twin studies belong to the field of __________.

A) cognitive neuroscience
B) neuropsychology
C) behavioural genetics
D) cognitive psychology

Question 55

Which of the following is not an issue in conducting research on children and infants?

A) Infants do not understand experimental instructions.
B) Children cannot focus on a task for too long.
C) Infants tend to move a lot.
D) There aren't experimental designs which are suitable for children and researchers have to use the same procedures employed with adults.

Question 56

Discuss the main challenges that developmental psychologists encounter when testing infants and children.

Question 57

When testing infants or children, who does usually provide the informed consent on their behalf?

Question 58

What is the best method to use in order to study the role of environment and inheritance on development?

Question 59

What type of design did the Millennium Cohort Study use?

Question 60

Alike ___________ studies, ___________ studies test the same participants at different stages in their own development.

Question 61

___________ measure the effects of a particular training regime on cognitive development.

Question 62

__________ studies allow to determine whether development is due to __________ (i.e. nature), ____________ (i.e. nurture), or an interaction between the two.

Question 63

What is the main limitation of cross-sectional designs?

Question 64

What type of studies measure the effects of altered environments on human development?

Question 65

Longitudinal studies are quick to carry out.

Question 66

In most developmental studies informed consent is not collected since children cannot understand the procedures of the research.

Question 67

One of the main challenges of developmental psychology is that we cannot always compare cognitive abilities in different age groups using the same measures.

Question 68

Most researchers in developmental psychology believe that both environment and inheritance play roles in human development.

Question 69

During __________ the chemical context in which a cell develop determines which parts of its DNA are decoded to create proteins.

A) gene expression
B) segregation
C) cell differentiation
D) replication

Question 70

What is the 'epigenetic landscape'?

A) It's the physical environment in which the zygote develops.
B) It's the chemical environment in which a gene is expressed.
C) It's a metaphor illustrating how the context in which a cell develops has a crucial role in its differentiation.
D) It's a metaphor illustrating how the context in which a child develops influences his/her cognitive development.

Question 71

Which scientist named 'epigenetic landscape' the process by which cells get differentiated?

A) Darwin
B) Waddington
C) Mendel
D) Watson

Question 72

Which of the following terms describes a layer of cells in the embryo which will later become the nervous system?

A) Mesoderm
B) Endoderm
C) Ectoderm
D) Protoderma

Question 73

The ectoderm develops in the __________.

A) zygote
B) embryo
C) foetus
D) gamete

Question 74

Which of the following correctly describe the temporal sequence of development from conception to birth?

A) Embryo - foetus - zygote - baby
B) Embryo - zygote - foetus -- baby
C) Zygote - foetus - embryo - baby
D) Zygote - embryo - foetus - baby

Question 75

The neural tube contains the cells that will later form the:

A) brain
B) brain and spinal cord
C) spinal cord
D) forebrain only

Question 76

Which of the following structures does the neural tube differentiate into?

A) Hindbrain
B) Forebrain
C) Midbrain
D) All of the above

Question 77

During the embryonal stage, the cells along the back of the spinal cord and brain differentiate into __________ systems, while the cells along the front become the __________ systems.

Question 78

The neural tube differentiates into three structures: the ___________, which includes the cerebral hemispheres, the midbrain and the __________.

Question 79

Which structure in the neural tube will later develop into the two brain hemispheres?

Question 80

What is the name of toxins that can lead to abnormal prenatal development if the foetus is exposed to?