Deck 9: Memory

Question 1

Which of the following objects BEST represents the function of memory?

A) A spotlight
B) A store
C) A calculator
D) A clock

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is memory for?

A) It enables us to have a relationship with our past.
B) It incorporates new information into information we encountered before.
C) It provides a sense of identity.
D) All of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

If we are able to recall something we encountered an hour earlier which of these processes must be intact?

A) Encoding and retrieval
B) Storage and retrieval
C) Retrieval only
D) Encoding, storage and retrieval must all be intact

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The term 'reminisce' refers to the process of dwelling on a given experience and generate some details about it.

Question 5

__________ of memory are common myths about human memory and represent a big obstacle for memory experts working in courtrooms.

Question 6

Many people think that memory is relatively __________ and that once they have experienced an event, this will remain stable in their memory.

Question 7

Eyewitness testimonies are usually very reliable and should provide enough evidence for convicting a defendant.

Question 8

Human memory can be imagined as a video camera, precisely recording the events and storing an exact copy of them.

Question 9

Once you have experienced an event and formed a memory, that memory will be susceptible to change.

Question 10

Which of the following information regarding memory is ACCURATE?

A) Amnesic patients cannot recall their own name.
B) Hypnosis is useful in helping witnesses to recall details of crimes.
C) Memory is an exact copy of what happened.
D) None of the above

Question 11

According to your textbook, what is the approximate proportion of people from the general public who believe that human memory records events as accurately as a video camera?

A) 30%
B) 50%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 12

Which of the following scientists was able to 'retrieve' memories by directly stimulating the human brain?

A) Loftus
B) Penfield
C) Chabris
D) Palmer

Question 13

Why were Penfield's observations often cited by psychologists?

A) As a proof that memory can be localized in the brain.
B) As a proof that no memory is ever lost.
C) As a proof that amnesia can be cured.
D) As a proof that working memory does not exist.

Question 14

What current knowledge about memory drastically challenged Penfield's view that memories are never lost?

A) Memory is a linear process.
B) Memory is divided in subcomponents.
C) Memory is an active process that involves reconstruction.
D) Memory declines over time.

Question 15

Which of the following adjectives does not represent memory as a process?

A) Perfect
B) Passive
C) Fragile
D) Active

Question 16

Which of the following adjectives does not apply to current views of human memory?

A) Perfect
B) Active
C) Variable
D) Fragile

Question 17

Discuss why memory cannot be compared to a videotape.

Question 18

What scientist suggested that memories are never lost and believed that memories could re-emerge using brain stimulation?

Question 19

Why was Penfield wrong suggesting that memories are never lost?

Question 20

Memories of strong emotional experiences are immutable and less susceptible to reconstruction.

Question 21

Regardless of how vivid a memory may feel, there is always a chance that it may be false.

Question 22

__________ refers to a memory loss.

Question 23

Mrs Alvarez is 30 and her family says she has very bad memory. How would you be able to diagnose her as either amnesic or suffering with dementia?

A) Consider her age, and the pattern of impaired and intact cognitive functions
B) Test whether she can remember basic information.
C) Consider whether she can remember her childhood.
D) Look at the pattern of test scores.

Question 24

Which amnesic patient described by Smith et al. (2010) said they could not retain information from one day to the next?

A) HM
B) FL
C) PJM
D) SS

Question 25

In which neurological condition is memory loss MOST likely to affect the patient's identity?

A) Multiple sclerosis
B) Fronto-temporal dementia
C) Alzheimer's disease
D) Capgras syndrome

Question 26

According to your textbook, who thought that memory was like a tablet of wax which could be carved into?

A) The Egyptians
B) The Greeks
C) The Romans
D) The Persians

Question 27

Which of the following is a type of memory?

A) Semantic memory
B) Non-declarative memory
C) Prospective memory
D) All of the above

Question 28

Which of the following types of memory is the memory for facts and general information?

A) Autobiographical memory
B) Episodic memory
C) Semantic memory
D) Implicit memory

Question 29

Which of the following types of memory is the memory for actions and events to be completed in the future?

A) Autobiographical memory
B) Episodic memory
C) Implicit memory
D) Prospective memory

Question 30

Sally is adding a new reminder on the smartphone. By setting a reminder, Sally is aiding her __________ memory.

Question 31

Non-declarative memory and procedural memory are synonymous, and they are both types of implicit memory.

Question 32

Autobiographical memory and episodic memory are the same construct.

Question 33

What type memory enables to remember to complete an action in the future?

Question 34

What are the three main dichotomies of human memory?

Question 35

Which of the following pairs does not represent a correct dichotomy of human memory?

A) Episodic memory vs semantic memory
B) Episodic memory vs non-declarative memory
C) Explicit memory vs implicit memory
D) STM vs LTM

Question 36

Which of the following types of memory is the LEAST associated with the others?

A) Working memory
B) Procedural memory
C) Implicit memory
D) Non-declarative memory

Question 37

Which of the following types of memory has less capacity compared to the others?

A) Procedural memory
B) Episodic memory
C) Working memory
D) Semantic memory

Question 38

While playing Trivial Pursuit, Jessica remembered that Abraham Lincoln had a history of depression. Memory of a piece of general historical knowledge is considered a _________ memory.

A) semantic
B) episodic
C) procedural
D) implicit

Question 39

The forgetting curve shows that a large amount of information is lost initially at a relatively fast rate, whilst over time the amount of information lost is reduced.

Question 40

A theory of forgetting arises from interference - the idea that old memories interfere with the acquisition of new memories.

Question 41

The __________ curve shows that forgetting is __________ initially and __________ over time.

Question 42

The forgetting curve describes the __________ of memory over time.

Question 43

Which two processes may explain the forgetting of information?

Question 44

Carlo cannot remember the title of his favourite director's last film. He can only remember the title of the film before the last one. What process of forgetting is affecting Carlo's memory?

Question 45

A contemporary view suggests that forgetting is a process of __________ of information in the mind.

A) removal
B) suppression
C) inhibition
D) selection

Question 46

The continuous and repeated presentation of one piece of information actively reduces the chances of retrieving related information. This statement describes the process of:

A) interference
B) suppression
C) selectivity
D) inhibition

Question 47

According to your textbook, which of the following scientists first proposed that memory could be measured by scientific means?

A) Loftus
B) Craik
C) Ebbinghaus
D) Baddeley

Question 48

Which of the following materials was used by Ebbinghaus to study memory?

A) Pictures of faces
B) Strings of letters
C) Lists of words
D) Lists of numbers

Question 49

Why did Ebbinghaus consider a string such as 'HJU' a pure measure of memory?

A) It does not have any pre-existing meaning.
B) It has never been encountered before.
C) It has very little association with anything else.
D) All of the above

Question 50

Pretend that you are a contestant on a new game show and that you are asked to remember the names of all the students in your kindergarten class. Every classmate that you remember correctly increases your monetary prize. The host asks you to write down the names of every student you remember. This is an example of a _______ memory task.

A) Recognition
B) Recall
C) Episodic
D) Working

Question 51

Why are recognition tasks easier than recall tasks?

A) Recognition tasks involve more retrieval cues than recall tasks.
B) Recall tasks involve more retrieval cues than recognition tasks.
C) Recall tasks involve more encoding than recognition tasks.
D) Recognition involves explicit memory, whereas recall involves implicit memory.

Question 52

Multiple choice test formats require the use of recognition memory.

Question 53

According to Craik's environmental support framework, which memory task is more dependent on environmental support?

Question 54

With reference to the Craik's environmental support framework, which of the following sequences of tasks correctly identifies the environmental support on the task from high to low?

A) free recall - recognition - cued recall - implicit memory
B) free recall - cued recall - recognition - implicit memory
C) implicit memory - recognition - cued recall - free recall
D) implicit memory - free recall - recognition - cued recall

Question 55

The 'old-new' is a type of:

A) free recall test
B) recognition test
C) stem-cued recall test
D) implicit memory test

Question 56

The famous experiment on context-dependent memory by Godden and Baddeley (1975) was carried out on:

A) Musicians
B) Students
C) Amnesic patients
D) Deep-sea divers

Question 57

In Godden and Baddely (1975) experiment, what was the contextual cue that affected results?

A) The water
B) Being underwater
C) The scuba diver
D) The flashing light

Question 58

What is the three-stage memory temporal sequence?

Question 59

According to the three-stage memory model, you can never recall something without having first encoded it.

Question 60

The multistore model proposes that memory is organized around different stores according to the capacity of storage.

Question 61

What are the three stages in the multistore model?

Question 62

According to the multistore model, what store is brief, low-level and the most fragile?

Question 63

Which of the following is not a store in the multistore model?

A) STM
B) Sensory memory
C) Central executive
D) LTM

Question 64

Information may last for _______ seconds in sensory memory.

A) several
B) a few
C) about 30
D) about 50

Question 65

_______ or consciously repeating information increases the likelihood of information being passed into long-term memory.

Question 66

According to your textbook, the memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease is:

A) greater for STM than for LTM
B) greater for LTM than for STM
C) equally bad for STM and LTM
D) only relevant for working memory

Question 67

Holding information in STM will always guarantee that the information will be learned and stored in LTM.

Question 68

One of the biggest critiques to the multistore model is that memory process does not always proceed __________ and it is common for neurological patients to have intact STM but impaired __________.

Question 69

Warrington and Shallice (1969) described the case of KF who showed impaired __________ but typical __________.

A) STM; LTM
B) LTM; STM
C) memory; learning
D) learning; memory

Question 70

The levels of processing framework thinks of memory as a(n):

A) storage
B) network
C) process
D) stream

Question 71

What is the 'levels of processing effect'?

Question 72

According to the levels of processing model, what it really matters in order to remember something is:

A) how many times you repeat that information.
B) your mental state during processing.
C) the type of processing of that information.
D) your affective state during encoding.

Question 73

In __________ memory people are not deliberately asked to remember material.

A) sudden
B) fast
C) incidental
D) accidental

Question 74

Most eyewitness situations involve:

A) Semantic memory
B) Incidental memory
C) Prospective memory
D) Procedural memory

Question 75

Which of the following statements regarding memory is the most accurate?

A) Memory quickly switch on when we are required to memorize an important piece of information.
B) Memory is silent most of the time in order to save mental resources for other cognitive processes.
C) Memory is always a linear process.
D) Memory is permanently switched on.

Question 76

According to the self-reference effect, which birthday dates are you most likely to remember?

A) Those of your loved ones.
B) Those that are far from your own birthday.
C) Those that are closer to your own birthday.
D) Those associated to important events of your life.

Question 77

With reference to your textbook, which condition is associated with reduced self-reference effect?

A) Alzheimer's disease
B) Amnesia
C) Autism
D) Down's syndrome

Question 78

Describe the survival processing effect and provide an example of a famous experiment.

Question 79

According to the multistore model of memory, ________is the first stage in which an image is retained by the brain for less than 1 second.

Question 80

How can information be retained in STM?