Deck 6: Consciousness: Conscious Versus Unconscious Processes

Question 1

Consciousness is:

A) only a certain type of subjective experience.
B) any kind of subjective experience.
C) any kind of visual experience.
D) only a certain type of visual experience.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The feeling of 'something-it-is-likeness':

A) never goes away.
B) goes away only under anaesthesia.
C) goes away during dreamless sleep.
D) goes away during sleep.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The idea of 'consciousness' was considered a taboo by:

A) behaviourism
B) Freud
C) cognitivists
D) philosophers

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following did not contribute to the revaluation of the study of consciousness in the beginning of the 21^st century?

A) Researchers could use objective procedures to study subjects' behaviour.
B) Researchers could measure brain activity.
C) Consciousness was recognized as a central topic of interest.
D) Researchers wanted to discredit psychoanalysis by showing the inexistence of the unconscious.

Question 5

When was the taboo regarding the study of consciousness definitively broken?

A) Beginning of the 21^st century
B) 1960s
C) 1970s
D) Between 1980 and 1985

Question 6

Why was consciousness a taboo for the behaviourist perspective?

A) It was considered a philosophical concept rather than a psychological phenomenon.
B) It could not be observed.
C) It was not considered as interesting.
D) None of the above.

Question 7

Which term introduced by David Rosenthal refers to an organism being awake and responsive to the world, rather than asleep or knocked out?

A) Mere consciousness
B) Active consciousness
C) Creature consciousness
D) Status consciousness

Question 8

Who did introduce the term 'creature consciousness'?

A) Freud
B) Rosenthal
C) Dehaene
D) Hovland

Question 9

Why is the creature consciousness too reductive to describe consciousness?

A) Consciousness comes in different levels.
B) Not all creatures have consciousness.
C) Most of the processes that regulate humans are unconscious.
D) Even when we sleep we are still conscious.

Question 10

Mental states can differ in their:

A) coherence
B) congruency
C) correctness
D) content

Question 11

Which of the following statements about mental states is INACCURATE?

A) Different contents mean different mental states.
B) Mental states can only differ in their content.
C) Seeing a bike in a store is a different mental state than remembering a bike in a store.
D) Mental states can differ in how the content is held.

Question 12

Seeing a picture and remembering that picture:

A) correspond to the same mental state which is held in a different way.
B) correspond to the same mental state.
C) correspond to two different mental states with the same content.
D) are not mental states.

Question 13

Which of the following is a different mental state in relation to the others?

A) Seeing a red rose.
B) Thinking of a red rose.
C) Dreaming of a yellow rose.
D) All of the above.

Question 14

Which of the following mental states has a different content in relation to the others?

A) Seeing a red rose.
B) Thinking of a red rose.
C) Dreaming of a yellow rose.
D) All of the above.

Question 15

Name at least 3 different ways in which a mental state content can be held.

Question 16

Indicate what is the content of the following mental state: John remembers the bright colour of his new car.

Question 17

The term __________ refers to the conscious status of an organisms, whether it's responsive to the world or asleep.

Question 18

Mental states can differ in what __________ they have and in the way this content is __________.

Question 19

Consciousness comes in different ___________.

Question 20

Consciousness re-emerged as a topic in psychology and neuroscience in the 1980s.

Question 21

People with blindsight have had a lesion to a part of their prefrontal cortex.

Question 22

Which of the following conditions BEST describes a patient that can see an object with no corresponding conscious visual experience?

A) Split-brain
B) Amnesia
C) Blindsight
D) Visual agnosia

Question 23

Which brain area is damaged in blindsight patients?

A) V4
B) V1
C) MT
D) Thalamus

Question 24

Which of the following theories of consciousness suggests that blindsight occurs when there is a mental state but not a 'mental state of a mental state'?

A) Integration theory
B) Higher-order theory
C) Global workspace theory
D) Re-enter theory

Question 25

Which of the following elements is required for a mental state to be conscious according to the higher-order theory?

A) Perception
B) First-order mental state
C) Higher-order mental state
D) Lower-order mental state

Question 26

What is the most likely brain area to act as an 'HOT box' according to the higher-order theory?

A) The visual cortex
B) The ventromedial temporal cortex
C) The amygdala
D) The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Question 27

With reference to the higher-order theory, what does HOTs stand for?

Question 28

Which brain region is responsible for higher-order thoughts according to the higher-order theory?

Question 29

According to the integration theories, unconscious information can be used in many different ways.

Question 30

According to the integration theories, whilst conscious information is flexible, unconscious information is not.

Question 31

Describe the concept of 'flexibility' within the integration theory framework and how this differs for conscious and unconscious information.

Question 32

Which of the following examples reports the use of unconscious information?

A) Computing a mental addition.
B) A 5-year-old child using verbs appropriately.
C) Drinking a glass of water when thirsty.
D) Sending a card to your mum on her birthday.

Question 33

The concept of flexibility, for integration theories, is related to the fact that our conscious experience seems:

A) undefined
B) unified
C) chaotic
D) incongruent

Question 34

According to integration theories, conscious experiences are:

A) highly integrated and highly differentiated at the same time.
B) highly integrated, but not differentiated.
C) highly differentiated, but not integrated.
D) neither integrated nor differentiated.

Question 35

Which of the following theories is an integration theory?

A) Higher-order theory
B) Global workspace theory
C) Re-entry theory
D) Local theory

Question 36

Which of the following approaches are part of the integration theory?

A) Higher-order theory and global workspace theory
B) Global workspace theory and re-entry theory
C) Information integration theory and local theory
D) Information integration theory and global workspace theory

Question 37

According to the global workspace theory:

A) all the processors work to general functions.
B) all the outcomes of the processors become conscious.
C) an output of a processor becomes conscious when it gets access to the workspace.
D) all the outputs of all the processors get access to the workspace.

Question 38

In the brain, the global workspace corresponds to:

A) Frontal networks
B) Parietal networks
C) Prefrontal networks
D) Frontal and parietal networks

Question 39

Global workspace theory accounts for __________, as __________ theory accounts for __________ and _________.

A) flexibility; higher-order; integration; differentiation
B) flexibility; information integration; integration; differentiation
C) differentiation; re-entry; integration; flexibility
D) integration; re-entry; flexibility; differentiation

Question 40

A conscious brain is 'complex' because it has:

A) high levels of integration and differentiation.
B) high levels of integration, but not necessarily differentiation.
C) high levels of differentiation, but not necessarily integration.
D) high levels of flexibility.

Question 41

Which of the following statements CORRECTLT describes an animal with a global workspace but no HOT box?

A) According to the global workspace theory, it would not be capable of conscious states.
B) According to the higher-order theory, it would be capable of conscious states.
C) According to the global workspace theory, it would be capable of conscious states.
D) According to both the global workspace theory and the higher-order theory, it would not be capable of conscious states.

Question 42

Which of the following theories is concerned with the consciousness content?

A) Integrated information theory
B) Global workspace theory
C) Complexity theory
D) All of the above

Question 43

Which of the following theories is not a theory of conscious content?

A) Re-entry theory
B) Global workspace theory
C) Higher-order theory
D) Complexity theory

Question 44

According to the __________, feedback loops produce conscious experience.

A) Complexity theory
B) Re-entry theory
C) Higher-order theory
D) Global workspace theory

Question 45

In the United Kingdom, subliminal messages in advertising are banned.

Question 46

People with amnesia cannot be influenced by priming effect.

Question 47

Confidence ratings are __________ measures.

Question 48

__________ memory occurs when a person uses a memory but is not aware of using it.

Question 49

Explain how the priming effect unveils unconscious memory.

Question 50

The increase in accuracy or speed in performing a task because of the stimulus has been presented before is called ___________.

Question 51

What does the priming effect in people with amnesia show?

Question 52

In the study by Warrington and Weiskrantz (1974) how did people with amnesia perform in the word recognition test and in the stem-completion test?

Question 53

Which of the following is a synonym of 'unconscious memory'?

A) Priming
B) Explicit memory
C) Implicit memory
D) Procedural memory

Question 54

Which of the following statements on Warrington and Weiskrantz's study (1974) is ACCURATE?

A) People with amnesia were as good as controls at the stem-completion test.
B) People with amnesia were outperformed by controls at the stem-completion test.
C) People with amnesia were as good as controls at the word recognition test.
D) People with amnesia outperformed controls at the word recognition test.

Question 55

Sentences heard before:

A) are perceived less clearly than novel sentences when presented in noise.
B) are perceived more clearly than novel sentences when presented in noise.
C) are perceived similarly to novel sentences when presented in noise.
D) are easily misunderstood when subsequently heard in noise.

Question 56

In Jacoby and colleagues (1988), participants rated the noise as __________ loud when listening to old rather than new sentences.

A) more
B) equally
C) slightly more
D) less

Question 57

Unconscious memory expresses itself as __________.

A) flawless
B) faultless
C) fluent
D) flattering

Question 58

The phenomenon by which a song's lyrics can be heard more clearly once you have read them is due to:

A) irrational priming
B) unconscious memory
C) the mere exposure effect
D) dissonance reduction

Question 59

People can easily exert control over the illusion of loudness.

Question 60

The illusion of loudness is unconscious.

Question 61

Explain why the illusion of truth effect is often find in authoritarian regimes.

Question 62

Which effect given by unconscious memory is used by authoritarian regimes?

Question 63

What is the 'sleeper effect'?

Question 64

The repetition of a claim gives it __________, and this gives it __________.

Question 65

Exposure to a novel stimulus can lead people to like it more, simply because they were exposed to it. This phenomenon is known as __________.

Question 66

A new phone is out and Greta is not convinced by its look. However, after seeing it again and again in TV advertisements and on many posters around the city, Greta thinks that the new phone is actually quite nice and decides to buy it. Greta has been subjected to the:

A) priming effect
B) illusion of truth
C) mere exposure effect
D) illusion of loudness

Question 67

Patients with severe global amnesia:

A) don't show the mere exposure effect
B) can have intact mere exposure effect
C) always show the mere exposure effect
D) can show the mere exposure effect only with visual stimuli

Question 68

Indicate which of the following statements is INACCURATE.

A) Studies showing increased recovery rates after an operation if positive suggestions were played to the patient during anaesthesia have been widely replicated.
B) It has been shown that patients have faster recovery rates if positive suggestions were played in their ears during anaesthesia.
C) Studies showing increased recovery rates after an operation if positive suggestions were played to the patient during anaesthesia did not systematically measure the depth of anaesthesia.
D) Currently, there is more evidence for the phenomenon of priming of word-stem completion for words presented during deep anaesthesia.

Question 69

In the phenomenon of social priming, the way people interact with others is influenced by specific previously exposed relevant stimuli.

Question 70

In a famous experiment, people who previously read words related to ageing walked more slowly when leaving the lab.

Question 71

Report an example of social priming.

Question 72

What form of irrational priming is frequently replicated? Describe it and provide an example.

Question 73

Most of the experiments on social priming have not been __________. However, on form of irrational priming is repeatedly found in experiment: __________.

Question 74

Which of the following researchers won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2002 for their work on human judgement, including the discovery of the anchoring effect?

A) Newell
B) Kahneman
C) Doyen
D) Zajonc

Question 75

Which of the following is not a method for interfering with conscious vision?

A) Backward masking
B) Continuous flash suppression
C) Method of constant stimuli
D) Gaze-contingent crowding

Question 76

In the method of backward masking, SOA stands for:

A) Stimulus onset asynchrony
B) Sensitivity of answer
C) Sensory objective asynchrony
D) Stimulus objective asynchrony

Question 77

In backward masking, the mask is presented:

A) before the target
B) together with the target
C) after the target
D) the mask is never presented

Question 78

In a backward masking task, Dr Foster presents the image of a face for 50 ms, immediately followed by a mask. What is the SOA in this task?

A) 48 ms
B) 50 ms
C) 0 ms
D) It's impossible to say with the information provided

Question 79

In a backward masking task, Dr Foster presents the image of a face for 48 ms, immediately followed by a mask. What is the ISI in this task?

A) 48 ms
B) 50 ms
C) 0 ms
D) It's impossible to say with the information provided

Question 80

The critical SOA:

A) is the same for every individual (i.e. 50 ms)
B) is always between 100 ms and 200 ms
C) is different for different people
D) is different for different people, but never above 150 ms