Deck 5: Motivation

Question 1

Behaviours that are driven by instinctual motivation are automatic.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Many maternal behaviours, such as nesting, are instinctually motivated.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Basic motives such as hunger are learned.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The instinct theory of motivation suggests that many of our behaviours are __________ programmed.

Question 5

Sex and aggressions are some of the most commonly cited __________ that humans experience.

Question 6

Which disorder does your textbook cite as an example of behaviour that goes against one of our key instincts?

Question 7

______ motives are inborn.

A) Social
B) Cultural
C) Basic
D) Learned

Question 8

Motives such as hunger and thirst that are essential for survival ________.

A) are learned via classical conditioning
B) are acquired through social observation
C) are present at birth
D) emerge during early childhood

Question 9

Which of the following behaviours is the best example of instinctual motivation?

A) Maria loves to read because her mother pays her five dollars for every book.
B) Leila learns how to play tennis by observing and imitating her coach.
C) Bella nurses and grooms her newborn puppies as a result of the changing hormone levels that coincided with the birth of her offspring.
D) Max learns that meditation provides him relief from his frequent headaches.

Question 10

The __________ argues that humans are motivated to keep the bodily homeostasis.

Question 11

Name the steps that occur after the emergence of a biological need in Hull's drive-reduction theory.

Question 12

Some drugs can induce physiological pleasure, increasing our motivation to seek for more. This is an example of:

A) dangerous behaviour
B) addictive behaviour
C) impulsive behaviour
D) learned behaviour

Question 13

According to the __________ theory, a(n) ___________ emerges as the drug's level decreases in the body and this produces effects that are contrary to those of the drug.

A) opponent-process; after-reaction
B) instinct; after-reaction
C) opponent-process; addictive behaviour
D) instinct; addictive behaviour

Question 14

Which brain system is also known as the brain's reward system?

A) the serotonergic system
B) the adrenaline system
C) the dopamine system
D) the glutamatergic system

Question 15

In learning theories, drugs can act as a(n):

A) opponent-process
B) positive reinforcement
C) incentive
D) motivation

Question 16

What type of learning is associated with the phenomenon of cravings?

A) procedural learning
B) fast learning
C) associative learning
D) observational learning

Question 17

Why is going out all night dancing difficult for drive-reduction theory to explain?

Question 18

The dopamine system does not only activate the pleasurable effects of a drug, but it attributes __________ to events or stimuli associated with the drug.

Question 19

Which three brain areas are part of the dopamine reward pathway?

Question 20

Why is it so hard to quit smoking?

Question 21

Which theory of motivation can best explain individual differences?

A) Arousal
B) Instinct
C) Drive reduction
D) None of the above

Question 22

The arousal theory can explain why different people respond differently to the same situation.

Question 23

At the top of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is the need for __________.

Question 24

__________ reside on the tier directly above the most basic needs in Maslow's hierarchy.

Question 25

Food and sex are examples of __________ incentives.

Question 26

Fast food restaurants have __________ the size of their portions over the years.

A) substantially decreased
B) slightly decreased
C) slightly increased
D) substantially increased

Question 27

Men are recommended to take __________ calories a day. Women's intake should be approximately __________ calories a day.

A) 3,000; 2,500
B) 2,500; 2,000
C) 2,000; 1,500
D) 2,500; 1,500

Question 28

What type of receptors in the stomach have a greater role in the feeling of satiety?

A) Nociceptors
B) Stretch receptors
C) Tension receptors
D) None of the above

Question 29

Both __________ and __________ in the stomach are responsible for our feeling full.

A) mechanoreceptors; nociceptors
B) mechanoreceptors; tension
C) stretch; tension
D) stretch; nociceptors

Question 30

Which of the following statements regarding weight loss surgery is INACCURATE?

A) Both gastric band and gastric bypass alter the mechanical signals that trigger hunger.
B) Both gastric band and gastric bypass lead the stomach receptors to become activated quickly.
C) Both gastric band and gastric bypass are very effective in the long term.
D) Both gastric band and gastric bypass are very effective in the short term.

Question 31

Which of the following is not a weight-loss surgery commonly used in the UK?

A) Gastric bypass
B) Stomach transplant
C) Gastric band
D) All of the above

Question 32

Greg had a gastric band surgery two years ago to help him losing weight. Despite he had notably lost weight after the first few months, now he is almost as overweight as he was before the intervention. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Greg might not have engaged in regular exercise.
B) Greg might not have followed a healthy diet.
C) Greg's sense of hunger and satiety may not be completely controlled by mechanoreceptors. Other biological mechanisms may play a role in his obesity.
D) All of the above.

Question 33

Which two chemicals that are released into the bloodstream during digestion contribute to our feeling of satety?

Question 34

What is the chemical produced when fat cells increase in size, influencing our feeling of satiety?

Question 35

What hormone is produced by the stomach when we need food?

Question 36

When our body requires food, the stomach releases __________. This hormone is detected by the __________ hypothalamus and when the threshold level is reached we feel hunger.

Question 37

Current estimates indicate that nearly __________ of European children are overweight.

Question 38

According to your textbook what are the presumable causes for obesity in modern societies?

A) Highly calorific foods
B) Sedentary lifestyle
C) Large food portions
D) All of the above

Question 39

Around 40-70% of the variation in our weight is determined by:

A) the environment
B) our diet
C) genetic inheritance
D) mental health conditions

Question 40

What is the current estimate of people with an eating disorder in the UK?

A) 500,000
B) 1 million
C) 1.6 million
D) 2 million

Question 41

What cycle defines bulimia?

A) The menstrual cycle
B) The sleep-wake cycle
C) Bingeing and purging
D) None of the above

Question 42

People with anorexia have a(n) __________ body image.

A) good
B) distorted
C) coherent
D) fair

Question 43

According to the DSM-IV TR, in anorexia the body weight is less than ___________ of that expected.

A) 20%
B) 45%
C) 75%
D) 85%

Question 44

List the health problems associated with anorexia according to Davey (2014).

Question 45

What are the two types of thirst that we experience?

Question 46

Which body fluid is high in potassium and low in sodium?

Question 47

The extracellular fluid is composed by interstitial fluid and plasma.

Question 48

Osmotic thirst results from loss of fluids containing both water and solutes (e.g. intense sweating).

Question 49

The hormone __________ stimulates the release of vasopressin and it enables the body to retain water and to increase blood pressure.

Question 50

The __________ is a condition characterised by extreme thirst which leads to drink large quantities of fluids.

Question 51

Asexual reproduction is more costly in evolutionary terms compared to sexual reproduction.

Question 52

Name the costs of sexual reproduction compared to asexual reproduction.

Question 53

In what way the environment we live in influences our sexual motivation and decision making?

Question 54

In the United Kingdom the age for sexual consent is:

A) 14
B) 15
C) 16
D) 18

Question 55

In which of the following countries male homosexuality is illegal?

A) Japan
B) Indonesia
C) Burkina Faso
D) Zimbabwe

Question 56

Which of the following is not a phase of the sexual response cycle?

A) Withdrawal
B) Orgasm
C) Resolution
D) Plateau

Question 57

During the __________ the cardiovascular system is working at its highest level.

A) excitement
B) plateau
C) orgasm
D) resolution

Question 58

What are the 4 phases of the sexual response cycle identified by Masters and Johnson in 1966?

Question 59

During which phase of the sexual response cycle does the body return to its normal functioning?

Question 60

During the __________ the heart rate starts to increase and it continues to increase during the __________. The peak is reached with the __________, with the cardiovascular system being at its maximum level and the muscles starting to contract and spasm.

Question 61

During the __________, __________ may still be able to orgasm, while __________ experience a refractory period in which they are unable to reach another orgasm.

Question 62

What are the main critics to Masters and Johnson's (1966) sexual response theory?

Question 63

The hormone __________ causes women to grow sexual features such as breast, and it has been found to improve mood and memory. On the other hand, __________ is involved in menstrual cycle and it prepares the body for pregnancy. While __________ increases female sexual motivation, __________ may decrease it.

Question 64

Name 4 hormones that play a role in sexual motivation.

Question 65

Which hormone is associated with the feeling of love and attachment towards a partner?

Question 66

Testosterone affects the sexual drive of:

A) Men only
B) Women only
C) Both men and women
D) Men and only a few women

Question 67

Which of the following sexual hormones is involved in prosocial behaviour?

A) Testosterone
B) Oestrogen
C) Progesterone
D) Oxytocin

Question 68

Oxytocin level are higher in:

A) heterosexual couples
B) homosexual couples
C) new lovers
D) single individuals

Question 69

Which of the following hormones does not affect sexual behaviour?

A) Leptin
B) Testosterone
C) Oestrogen
D) Oxytocin

Question 70

In women, the total level of __________ positively correlates with the frequency of sexual intercourse.

A) ghrelin
B) testosterone
C) progesterone
D) leptin

Question 71

Which of the following brain areas is not associated with sexual arousal?

A) The superior temporal sulcus
B) The amygdala
C) The insular cortex
D) The ventral striatum

Question 72

The __________ is active during sexual intercourse and it is involved in processing rewards.

A) amygdala
B) insular cortex
C) prefrontal cortex
D) ventral striatum

Question 73

Overall, females seem to be more attracted than males to:

A) sexual desirability
B) socioeconomic status
C) visual cues
D) body shape

Question 74

Male fantasies have been found to be more focused on:

A) emotional elements
B) psychological elements
C) visual elements
D) social elements

Question 75

Sexual dysfunctions are:

A) extremely rare
B) rare
C) common
D) very common

Question 76

What are the most common sexual dysfunctions among men in England?

Question 77

What are the most common sexual dysfunctions among women in England?

Question 78

The factors that contribute to sexual dysfunctions in men are exclusively physiological.

Question 79

Mental health problem such as depression and anxiety can contribute to the occurrence of sexual dysfunctions.

Question 80

Which of the following sexual dysfunctions can be treated with Viagra?

A) Vaginal dryness
B) Lack of libido
C) Male impotence
D) Premature ejaculation